Ägypten und Levante XXX – Jubiläumsausgabe – 30 Jahre Ägypten und Levante / Egypt and the Levant XXX – Anniversary Edition – 30 Years of Egypt and the Levant (2020)
International Journal for Egyptian Archaeology and Related Disciplines
Nummer:
XXX
Jahrgang:
2020
1. Auflage, 2021
Die internationale und interdisziplinär ausgerichtete einmal jährlich im Druck und online erscheinende Zeitschrift „Ägypten und Levante“ wurde im Jahr 1990 von Manfred Bietak begründet, um den Forschungen zu den Kulturkontakten zwischen Ägypten und seinen Nachbarländern sowie der ägyptisch-kanaanäischen Hybridkultur, wie sie bei den österreichischen Ausgrabungen in Tell el-Dab’a zutage trat, eine Publikationsplattform zu bieten. Das Themenfeld der Zeitschrift umfasst sowohl Berichte zu archäologischen Grabungen in Ägypten und dem gesamten Vorderen Orient mit dem Sudan, wie auch Artikel zu allen Aspekten der ägyptischen und nahöstlichen Archäologie, Geschichts- und Kulturwissenschaft. Der Fokus liegt auf der pharaonischen Zeit, jedoch sind sowohl Beiträge zur Ur- und Frühgeschichte der genannten Regionen wie auch zur nachpharaonischen Antike möglich, ebenso zu naturwissenschaftlichen Themen.
Der aktuelle umfangreiche Jubiläumsband wird als Besonderheit neben einer Auswahl an Fachartikeln und Grabungsvorberichten auch ein Diskussionsformat bieten: Auf den programmatischen Beitrag von Christiana E. Köhler (Universität Wien) ”Of culture wars and the clash of civilizations in Prehistoric Egypt – an epistemological analysis“ wird von sieben namhaften Respondents in kritischen Stellungnahmen geantwortet (Krzysztof M. Ciałowicz, Mariusz A. Jucha, Agnieszka Mączyńska, Barbara E. Barich, Stan Hendrickx und Frank Förster, Andrea Manzo, und Beatrix Midant-Reynes).
Neben diesem Schwerpunkt auf der Vorgeschichte Ägyptens stehen Grabungsvorberichte zu Tell el-Retaba, diesmal konzentriert auf das 1. Jahrtausend v. Chr. (S. Rzepka, L. Jarmuzel, A. Rys, A. Grezak, C. Malleson, K. Trczinska, A. Wodzinska). 16 weitere Beiträge behandeln in vielfältiger Weise Themen zu Ägypten und Nubien, der Levante und Syrien, Anatolien und der Ägäis.
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Inhaltsverzeichnis
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Produktdetails
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Autor:innen / Herausgeber:innen
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Schlagworte
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weiterführende Links, Online Edition
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Abkürzungen/Abbreviations
Seite 9 - 10
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Vorwort für das Herausgebergremium/ Preface for the Editorial Board
Seite 11 - 13 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL30s11
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A farewell to our dear friend and colleague Jochen Holger Schutkowski (1956–2020)
Seite 15 - 16 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL30s15
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Of culture wars and the clash of civilizations in Prehistoric Egypt – an epistemological analysis
Eva Christiana Köhler
Seite 17 - 58 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL30s17
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Comment to: “Christiana Köhler, Of culture wars and the clash of civilizations in Prehistoric Egypt – An epistemological analysis”
Barbara E. Barich
Seite 59 - 65 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL30s59
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Of culture wars and the clash of civilizations in Prehistoric Egypt – a different perspective
Krysztof M. Ciałowicz
Seite 67 - 75 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL30s67
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Violence and the early Egyptian state
Stan Hendrickx - Frank Förster
Seite 77 - 83 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL30s77
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The so-called “Naqadian expansion” to the north and the new archaeological evidence for the fall and development of Nile Delta settlements during the second half of the IVth Millennium BC
Mariusz A. Jucha
Seite 85 - 94 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL30s85
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Shaky foundations of the Egyptian civilisation. Response article to "Of culture wars and the clash of civilizations in Prehistoric Egypt – an epistemological analysis" by E. Christiana Köhler, Vienna
Agnieszka Mączyńska
Seite 95 - 100 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL30s95
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Clash of civilisations on the First Cataract? A southern point of view, from old assumptions to new complexities
Andrea Manzo
Seite 101 - 113 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL30s101
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Of culture wars and the clash of civilizations in Prehistoric Egypt – an epistemological analysis by E. Christiana Köhler, Vienna. Commentary
Béatrix Midant-Reynes
Seite 115 - 117 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL30s115
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Tell el-Retaba in the 1st Millennium BC. Results of the Polish-Slovak Archaeological Mission, season 2019
In 2019, the Polish-Slovak Archaeological Mission in Tell el-Retaba continued the excavation of a large fragment of a Third Intermediate Period settlement. Several houses, as well as structures used for keeping animals were explored. An unexpected discovery of a Greco-Roman tomb added a new chapter to the site’s settlement history.
Schlagworte: Third Intermediate Period, Greco-Roman Period, settlement, tomb, ground stone tools, weaving tools, clay figurines, stone vessels, amulets
Łukasz Jarmużek - Sławomir Rzepka - Angieszka Ryś-Jarmużek
Seite 119 - 156 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL30s119
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Animal economy at the settlement at Tell el-Retaba in the Third Intermediate Period reconstructed on the basis of faunal remains excavated in seasons 2014–2019
Results of archaeozoological analyses of the faunal material unearthed at Tell el-Retaba have already been published twice in Ä&L.2 Each time an attempt was made to elucidate the role of animals in the life of the inhabitants of the area in the time span from the Hyksos period until the Late Period. Successive excavation seasons delivered a large assemblage of bones which were subsequently examined and identified. This returned data which could be used to verify and add more details to the established facts regarding the meat diet, manner of procuring meat and exploitation of the potential of the ecological conditions in the Third Intermediate Period. The main sources of meat for the inhabitants of the settlement were animal husbandry and fishing. The profile of husbandry practices and the caught fish species slightly changed in time, probably as a consequence of changes in the natural environment.
Schlagworte: Faunal remains, meat consumption, animal economy, environmental conditions, Third Intermediate Period
Anna Grezak
Seite 157 - 177 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL30s157
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Chaff, dung, and wood: fuel use at Tell el-Retaba. Archaeobotanical investigations in the Third Intermediate Period settlement, Area 9 excavations 2015–2019
Results of archaeobotanical investigations from the 2009–2014 excavations of the joint Polish-Slovak-Egyptian mission at the site of Tell el-Retaba have previously been reported in Ä&L.2 This article provides an update and discussion of results from excavations conducted in 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2019 in Area 9, within the Third Intermediate Period settlement.3 It has been well-established that plant macro-remains are abundant and generally well-preserved at Tell el-Retaba, and they offer a wonderful opportunity to examine changing patterns in the complex relationship between plants and people over at least one thousand years. Analysis of the charred plant archaeobotanical assemblages in the town reveal that wood, sheet/goat dung, and cereal processing byproducts were all used as fuel in households, and that the animals had consumed a sedge-rich diet.
Schlagworte: archaeobotany, Cereal processing, Cereal chaff, Weeds, Dung, Fuel
Claire Malleson
Seite 179 - 202 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL30s179
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‘Pigeon pots’ from Tell el-Retaba
The paper describes ‘pigeon pots’ found at the site of Tell el-Retaba. The known examples from Egypt are attested at least since the Third Intermediate Period. Their usage is confirmed also in later periods until the Roman Period. They can be even compared to vessels from modern times. The examples from Tell el-Retaba come in most cases from the Third Intermediate Period settlement structures. The paper tries to present the time and area of their occurrence, and to answer the question whether their commonly used name is related to their actual use.
Schlagworte: ‘pigeon pots’, Pottery, settlement, Tell el-Retaba, Third Intermediate Period
Katarzyna Trzcińska - Anna Wodzińska
Seite 203 - 217 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL30s203
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Working on the potter’s wheel: technological insights into Mycenaean pottery production
The present paper deals with the wheelbased manufacturing technology employed for the production of pottery in central Laconia and the Argolid during the Mycenaean palatial period (roughly 1450–1200 BCE). The main set of data comes from the combined macroscopic and X-Ray analyses on pottery discovered at the palace of Ayios Vasileios in Laconia. Additional material of Argive/NE Peloponnesian provenance was examined as well for comparative reasons. The latter comes from Tiryns and Tall Zirā‘a, Jordan. Although growing evidence suggests that wheelforming techniques can be more variable than one would have traditionally thought, very few studies have examined the use of the potter’s wheel during the Mycenaean period and the underlying craft behaviours. Our study suggests that the knowledge of this tool in the Argolid and central Laconia was not associated with the wheel-throwing technique but the so-called wheel-coiling, and was based on similar levels of expertise. However, we can also observe variations between these two regions, especially in the ways of mastering the rotary device within the forming process. The manufacture of the wheelmade pottery in Mycenaean Greece implies thus a complex technological phenomenon that involved different potting communities participating in the social and economic organization of palatial pottery production.
Schlagworte: Ayios Vasileios, Laconia, Argolid, Mycenaean pottery, wheel-coiling, wheel-throwing, pottery communities
Maria Choleva - Reinhard Jung - Eleftheria Kardamaki
Seite 219 - 282 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL30s219
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Throwing their weights around? Anthropological perspectives on commodity and gift exchange at the dawn of the Early Bronze Age in western Anatolia
The growing body of literature concerning cultural transformations associated with longdistance trade networks between western Anatolia, the Aegean, and Cilicia in the third millennium BC still lacks synthesis regarding social processes and types of exchange involved between trading groups. This paper addresses the issue of longdistance transactions of metals in western Anatolia during the Early Bronze Age. The argument seeks to demonstrate that contact between a predominantly decentralized non-state and an early state society does not necessarily lead to immediate political centralization of the former but rather to a new spectrum of co-existing transactions and socio-political forms. The following contribution derives from empirical evidence of Near Eastern balance weights from the Early Bronze Age 1 (2950–2750 calBC) settlement of Çukuriçi Höyük, a coastal site in western Anatolia. This article is based on previously published archaeological material and addresses wider social implications that weighing and metrology may trigger in a nonscriptural society. The paper draws extensively on ethnographic records of metal trading societies and economic anthropology, in which assiduous attention is given to exchanges conducted outside of the ‘cultural sphere’.
Schlagworte: balance weights, long-distance trade, commodity and gift exchange, Ethnography, Early Bronze Age western Anatolia
Seite 283 - 399 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL30s283
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Yarimuta as the Yarkon River Valley
Since the first edition of the Amarna Letters, the location of the “land of Yarimuta” mentioned by the ruler of Byblos Rib-Addi has been a thorny and debated issue. In the last century this fabled territory, from which Rib-Addi expects to receive food and soldiers, has been identified with several locations across both Egypt and the Levant. This study reassesses all pieces of information revealed by Rib-Addi on both Yarimuta and its commissioner Yanhamu. It then re-analyses them, with a focus on the working history of Yanhamu in the Amarna letters, and how it places Yarimuta in the proximity of the Egyptian centre of Gaza. After having countered the locations that have been proposed until now, the article advances a different and more fitting identification: the Yarkon River Valley.
Schlagworte: Yanhamu, Amarna, Yarimuta, Proximity Principle, Aphek, Jaffa
Francesco Ignazio De Magistris
Seite 301 - 311 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL30s301
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Pots, gold, and viceroys: shifting dynamics of Egyptian-Nubian relations at the transition to the New Kingdom, from the viewpoint of Middle Nubian pottery at Tell Edfu
This paper attempts to marry together the archaeological and historical records for the transition into the New Kingdom, from the viewpoint of the Nubian ceramic sequence at Tell Edfu. The evidence in question dates to a period spanning the late Middle Kingdom through to the early 18th Dynasty and is notable for a distinct change in the character of the assemblage that seems to correspond to marked changes in the social and political relationship between Egypt and Nubia. These changes include an increased Egyptian vigour in goldmining activities and the establishment of the viceregal administration. More broadly, the paper suggests that Tell Edfu and its surrounding region (Hierakonpolis and Elkab) were enmeshed in broad social and political shifts that occurred at that time. It is also suggested that the southern half of Upper Egypt as far as Hierakonpolis should be perceived as a transitional zone in which the Egyptian and Nubians spheres overlapped, both administratively and culturally.
Schlagworte: Tell Edfu, Middle Nubian pottery, gold mining, Kerma
Aaron M. de Souza
Seite 313 - 343 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL30s313
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The lion, the weapon and the warlord: historical evaluation of the early Late Bronze Age Aegean iconography
This paper historically examines the depictions of warriors, lion hunters and figures of power and authority dated to the early phases of the Late Bronze Age Aegean. We argue that the depictions of warriors and lion hunters reflect warrior hierarchies of the early Late Bronze Age Aegean. Moreover, we define different types of figures of power and authority and argue that two different and parallel elite iconographies depicting such figures were developed during the Neopalatial period on Crete. We suggest that the antagonism between the two elite groups identifying with two parallel elite iconographies is directly visible in some of the combat scenes. We believe that the two iconographies were also used in the self-representation of different Neopalatial elite groups to negotiate their positions in society. However, we suggest that a new iconographic repertoire emerged from the new social reality with the beginning of the Final Palatial period. Later in the paper we turn to the Greek Mainland to compare warrior hierarchies depicted in representations of combat and lion hunt to the warrior hierarchies attested in the burial record. In our view, originally Cretan themes were actively consumed in the context of the Greek Mainland and used to create new elite identities.
Schlagworte: warriors, lion hunters, warrior hierarchy, figures of power and authority, parallel iconographies
Filip Franković - Uroš Matić
Seite 345 - 375 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL30s343
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Evidence for movement of goods and animals from Egypt to Canaan during the Early Bronze of the southern Levant: A view from Tell eṣ-Ṣâfi/Gath
In this paper, we present the results of recent research on the potential movement of animals and other goods between Old Kingdom Egypt and the southern Levant during the Early Bronze III (c. 2850–2550 BCE). Several types of goods found at the site within a domestic residential neighbourhood (possibly of merchants) suggest that the inhabitants had extensive trade connections with the surrounding regions. A variety of durable goods derived from a variety of nonlocal sources, some of which are potentially located in Egypt. Other objects may have had a raw material origin in Egypt, but were modified in the northern Levant, and end up in the southern Levant. Scientific analysis of the normally assumed items, such as domestic livestock, demonstrate that donkey caravans were coming from Egypt during a period when trade supposedly has ceased between Egypt and the southern Levant. Isotopic analysis of donkey and other domestic animals are the first bioarchaeological evidence for the movement of livestock between the two regions – that the animals were born and raised in Egypt, brought to Canaan, and slaughtered soon after their arrival at the site. These results can challenge our traditional assumptions about evidence for direct trade between regions. We should be cautious in our labeling of raw material of artefacts that are non-local before a full scientific analysis is conducted.
Schlagworte: Trade, mobility, Transport, Early Bronze, Old Kingdom, Southern Levant and Egypt, Bioarchaeology, Scientific Analyses
Haskel J. Greenfield - Tina L. Greenfield - Elizabeth Arnold - Itzick Shai - Shira Albaz - Aren M. Maeir
Seite 377 - 397 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL30s377
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The iconography of fish in the Nagada culture
Fish had a significant role in the diet of Nile Valley inhabitants. They were an important source of proteins and omega-3 fatty acids. Their nutrition and healthy properties were revered by ancient Egyptians, which is supported by references to fish in medical papyri. Numerous fishing scenes and fish depictions are known from the dynastic periods. Their specific role in Egyptian mythology impacts the development of the consumption taboo, however, their symbolic and magical meaning was reflected by their representations in art. Among them, tilapia had a special place in Egyptian beliefs. But fish had been appearing as a symbol since at least the Predynastic period. In this paper, the fish representations from the Nagada period will be examined to determine their symbolic and magical meaning at the time of state formation and the development of the Egyptian civilization.
Schlagworte: Predynastic period, Naqada, fish, Art, symbolic
Alicja Jurgielewicz
Seite 399 - 414 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL30s399
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Distribution of the pottery coffins and ceramic vessels within the Early Dynastic graves from Tell el-Murra cemetery
In this paper, the authors present the analysis of the distribution of and relations between pottery vessels and pottery coffins found in Tell el-Murra graves dated to the Early Dynastic period. The research includes, among others, the study of the vessels forms, coffins types, the number and quality of vessels in the assemblages from graves with coffins, type and chronology of these graves and other issues. Based on these investigation we make an attempt to answer the most bothering question: why at Tell el-Murra cemetery there is a relatively high concetrantion of graves with pottery coffins while at other Nile Delta cemeteries of the same chronology they occur rather sporadically?
Schlagworte: pottery vessels, pottery coffins, Early Dynastic period, cemetery, Tell el-Murra
Magdalena Kazimierczak - Konrad Grzyb
Seite 415 - 444 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL30s415
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The lost necropolis and the sacred landscape of Leontopolis (Tell el-Moqdam)
This paper focuses on a little-known Late Period/Ptolemaic necropolis located at Tell el-Moqdam, which was previously thought to have been excavated by Auguste Mariette in 1860. It takes into consideration its sacred location, form and the probable circumstances of its discovery, which are supported by new information obtained from hitherto unpublished documents. The research published in this paper will also shed some light on the sacred landscape of this poorlyknown archaeological site.
Schlagworte: Leontopolis, Tell el-Moqdam, necropolis, Temple, Sarcophagi, Padimahes, Nesmahes
Kacper Laube
Seite 445 - 459 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL30s445
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Third-millennium BC clay figurines from Tell Djassa el Gharbi, Tell Abu Hafur and Tell Rad Shaqrah (Syria)
The present paper analyses third-millennium BC clay figurines from three sites, Tell Djassa el Gharbi, Tell Abu Hafur and Tell Rad Shaqrah, all located in the Khabur River basin (central Jazirah, Syria) and researched in the 1980s and 1990s by the Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology, University of Warsaw. The collection numbers twenty-eight specimens and includes thirteen anthropomorphic figurines and fifteen zoomorphic ones. Among the anthropomorphic representations, stylised figurines and figurines with geometricised torsos were recorded, but also fragments of most probably standing and seated representations. Zoomorphic figurines depict equids, sheep, a pig and unidentified quadrupeds. Aside from a comprehensive description of the finds and their typological breakdown, the paper presents the collection against the backdrop of the regional and supra-regional tradition of coroplastic arts. Although the collection is quite small, the study extends our knowledge on this aspect of the Khabur region’s culture, making it possible to define new types of figurines, to verify the chronology of already well-known types and illustrate types very poorly attested so far in this part of northern Mesopotamia. Moreover, the analysis of the figurines from Tell Rad Shaqrah raises questions concerning the distinctness of the Middle Khabur River coroplastic arts, especially in comparison to the much better identified tradition of the Upper Khabur River.
Schlagworte: Tell Djassa el Gharbi, Tell Abu Hafur, Tell Rad Shaqrah, clay zoomorphic figurines, clay anthropomorphic figurines, Early Bronze Age, Syria, north Mesopotamia
Maciej Makowski
Seite 461 - 482 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL30s461
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Goddess ‘name’ or name of a goddess? Astarte and her epithet on the stela of Betu (TBO 760)
New interpretation for the three hieroglyphs following the name of Astarte on the stela of the overseer of horses Betu discovered at Tell el-Borg in 2006. In all likelihood, these signs form a variant writing for the name of an Egyptian goddess. The resulting syncretic combination is discussed.
Schlagworte: Tell el-Borg, Astarte, Renenutet, foreign goddess, syncretism
Pierre Meyrat
Seite 483 - 493 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL30s483
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Hard to pin down – clothing pins in the Eastern Delta of Egypt and their diffusion in the Middle Bronze Age
So-called ‘toggle pins’ are a common find, not only in the Middle, but already in the Early Bronze Age. When found in tombs, they can accompany males and females and the common opinion is that they held together a burial shroud, or specifically the garment of the deceased. The first metal toggle pins appear in the Chalcolithic Period, mainly in south-eastern Anatolia. They became common in Syro-Mesopotamia from the middle of the Early Bronze Age onwards. Most of the earliest examples are unperforated, but a few perforated specimens are attested already from the end of the 4th millennium BCE. Clothing pins were introduced into the southern Levant at the end of the Early Bronze Age, but perforated pins are few in number, getting common only at the beginning of the Middle Bronze Age and are then widely diffused in the region until the end of the period. Plain pins and pins with cylindrical heads and ribbed decoration are the most common types at Tell el-Dabʿa and the rest of the Eastern Delta, where pins do not show as much variety as those from the southern Levant. In all, forms are quite comparable and spread across a wide area, which is not astonishing as the shape is designed for a specific practical use. Nonetheless, distinct forms, decorations or materials might point to a common cultural background of the owners, especially as clothing pins are an entirely non-Egyptian type of object.
Schlagworte: clothing pins, Tell el-Dab’a, Eastern Delta, Levant, foreign relations
Seite 495 - 533 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL30s495
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Application of hypothetical square grids to the analysis of proportions of seated human figures in the Old Kingdom relief
The objective of the article is to interpret the square grids guidelines from the chapel of the vizier Akhethotep, which is dated to the Fifth Dynasty, and to present a new method of establishing proportions of seated human figures with two different models of hypothetical square grids.
Schlagworte: hypothetical square grids, guidelines, human proportion in art, Old Kingdom
Krzysztof Radtke
Seite 535 - 545 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL30s535
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The conditions for Philistine ethnogenesis
The origins of the Philistines have traditionally been understood within the context of a migration of “Sea Peoples” at the beginning of the Iron Age. However, excavations in other areas of the eastern Mediterranean have not yielded compelling evidence of a large-scale migration. We contend that migration is still the best explanation of the evidence, but the effect on the archaeological record of the disparate responses of the hostcommunities into which the immigrants settled has been overlooked. Whereas those immigrants who settled in places such as Cilicia, the Amuq Plain, and Phoenicia encountered a decentralized political landscape into which they were quickly absorbed, the immigrants who landed in the southern Levant faced a still-powerful Egypt which was able to confine them. Within a restricted space, the immigrant Sea Peoples and indigenous Canaanites were galvanized into a unique Philistine ethnos.
Schlagworte: Philistines, Sea Peoples, ethnogenesis, 12th century BCE, migration, Egypt, Ramses III.
Jonathon Wylie - Daniel M. Master
Seite 547 - 568 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL30s547
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Neutron activation analysis of Mycenaean pottery from north Israel: reconstruction of Aegean-Levantine trade patterns
Mycenaean imports to fourteen sites in north Israel are examined by Neutron Activation Analysis in an attempt to reconstruct the routes from the Mycenaean centres to the main ports and thence into the interior of the land.
Schlagworte: Mycenaean pottery, southern Levant, NAA, emporia, Trade
Sharon Zuckerman - Shlomit Bechar - David Ben-Shlomo - Hans Mommsen - Penelope A. Mountjoy
Seite 569 - 633 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL30s569
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Ausgabe:
978-3-7001-8835-3, Zeitschriftenausgabe, broschiert, 25.01.2021
Ausgabe:
978-3-7001-8859-9, E-Journal, PDF, nicht barrierefrei, 25.01.2021
Auflage:
1. Auflage
Seitenzahl:
633 Seiten
Format:
29,7x21cm
Sprache:
Englisch
DOI (Link zur Online Edition):
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