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Ägypten und Levante XXXIV / Egypt and the Levant XXXIV (2024)
Internationale Zeitschrift für ägyptische Archäologie und deren Nachbargebiete / International Journal for Egyptian Archaeology and Related Disciplines
No.:
XXXIV
Year of the volume:
2024
1. Auflage, 2025
Die internationale und interdisziplinär ausgerichtete Zeitschrift „Ägypten und Levante“, die einmal jährlich im Druck und online erscheint, wurde im Jahr 1990 von Manfred Bietak begründet, um den Forschungen zu den Kulturkontakten zwischen Ägypten und seinen Nachbarländern eine Publikationsplattform zu bieten. Das Themenfeld der Zeitschrift umfasst Berichte zu archäologischen Grabungen in Ägypten und dem gesamten Vorderen Orient mit dem Sudan, wie auch Artikel zu allen Aspekten der ägyptischen und nahöstlichen Archäologie, Geschichts- und Kulturwissenschaft. Der Fokus liegt auf der pharaonischen Zeit, jedoch sind sowohl Beiträge zur Ur- und Frühgeschichte der genannten Regionen wie auch zur nachpharaonischen Antike möglich, ebenso zu naturwissenschaftlichen Themen.
Band 34 (2024) enthält einen Vorbericht zu aktuellen Grabungen in Hala Sultan Tekke auf Zypern und in Tell Nebeshe im Ostdelta Ägyptens. Es wird die Tracht der Levantiner rekonstruiert sowie der Handel mit mittelzypriotischen Waren in der Levante analysiert. Eine lexicographische Studie hat den Begriff für Armut in Ägypten zum Gegenstand, ein Artikel die Wiederaufnahme diplomatischer Beziehungen von Ägypten und Ugarit nach der Schlacht bei Qadesch. Die numerische Terminologie in den Lahun Papyri wird vorgestellt, ebenso Nubier und Asiaten in ägyptischen Schriftquellen verglichen. Beiträge befassen sich mit organischen Relikten aus der prähistorischen Fundstelle Bargat el-Shab, mit zwei nach Ägypten importierten Ölsorten und importierten Waren aus dem eisenzeitlichen Megiddo. Es werden Tierknochenfunde aus Abusir vorgestellt und das ptolemäische Sanktuar von Deir el-Bahari im Lichte neuerer Forschungen diskutiert. In einem Essay werden kulturelle Zusammenhänge von Nubien und Ägypten behandelt. Schließlich wird die Dekoration des königlichen Kult-Komplexes in Deir el-Bahari vorgestellt. Studien zur Chronologie der 5. Dynastie anhand eines in Abu Ghurab gefundenen Siegelabdrucks des Schepseskare sowie die Analyse der Kupfer Funde aus Tell el-Retaba bilden den Abschluss des Bandes.
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Abkürzungsverzeichnis/Abbreviation
Page 9 - 11 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL34s9
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Vorwort für das Herausgebergremium/Preface on behalf of the Editorial Board
Page 13 - 16 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL34s13
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The Cemetery of Hala Sultan Tekke, Cyprus: Excavations of Late Bronze Age Chamber Tombs in 2023
This report presents the results of the 2023 fieldwork at the cemetery of the Late Bronze Age harbour city of Hala Sultan Tekke, Cyprus. Currently, the project’s main objective is to safeguard, excavate, and document tombs that are threatened by farming, erosion, and looting. These efforts are supported by large-scale geophysical prospecting, including ground-penetrating radar, magnetometers, aerial photography, and surface surveys to identify the most endangered tombs. The stratified contexts of these tombs provide an excellent complement to the sequence of occupation in the over 25-hectare city, where excavations were conducted across ten seasons (2010–2019). The nature of personal belongings and mortuary gifts discovered in 2023, dating to the late 14th and early 13th centuries BCE, confirm the far-reaching trade networks and underscore Hala Sultan Tekke’s role as a trading hub within the Mediterranean economic system. Material evidence corroborates both direct and indirect connections with Mycenaean, Minoan, Hittite, Levantine, and Egyptian cultures, as well as networks extending as far as Sardinia, the Baltic Sea, Mesopotamia, Afghanistan, and India. Several find contexts also provide valuable information about the complex mortuary customs of the Late Cypriot period.
Keywords: Hala Sultan Tekke, Late Bronze Age, Cyprus archaeology, geophysical prospecting, extramural cemetery, mortuary practices, interregional trade networks, chamber tombs, Mycenaean and Minoan connections, bioarchaeological analysis
Peter M. Fischer - Rainer Feldbacher - Svetlana Gasanova - Sorin Hermon - Kirsi O. Lorentz - Yuko Miyauchi - Rahaf Orabi - Valentina Vassallo
Page 17 - 68 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL34s17
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Preliminary Report on the 2024 Autumn Season of The Tell Nabasha Project
This article presents the results of the 2024 season of the Tell Nabasha Project. The season consisted of the excavation of two trenches and two sondages on respectively the eastern and western edges of the site. Trench 2, located on the eastern tell revealed the remains of one or more tower houses dating to the early to mid-4th century BCE, as well as evidence of cereal processing and food production. Trench 3, located in the temple area of the site, revealed both evidence of extensive looting in the form of modern cuts, but also the remains of a larger structure with a plaster floor and several mudbrick column emplacements. These discoveries help us to understand better the diachronic development of settlement at Tell Nabasha and the potential reshaping of the sacred landscape at the site during the early Ptolemaic Period.
Keywords: Late Period, urban archaeology, tower houses, settlement, mudbrick, temple architecture
Nicky Nielsen - Hamada Hussein - Diana T. Nikolova - Matei Tichindelean - Kylie Thomsen
Page 69 - 84 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL34s69
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Die Tracht der Levantiner auf Darstellungen der 18. Dynastie in Ägypten und auf levantinischen Darstellungen des 2. Jahrtausends
Die Frage, ob die ägyptischen Künstler des Neuen Reichs bei ihren Darstellungen von Fremden sich tatsächlich deren Aussehen zum Vorbild nahmen, ist umstritten. Für die Bilder von Levantinern lässt sich die Frage etwas präziser beantworten.
Während des Alten und Mittleren Reichs wurden die Levantiner und andere Fremde meist in militärischem Zusammenhang im einfachen kurzen Rock, der üblichen Kriegstracht, dargestellt. Mit Beginn der 18. Dynastie, wenn in den thebanischen Privatgräbern Tributszenen eine große Rolle spielen, erscheinen die syrischen/levantinischen Abgeordneten dann in langen Gewändern. Eine genaue Durchsicht der Darstellungen von Levantinern auf ihren eigenen Bildern im 2. Jt. bietet reiches Material für eine exakte Beschreibung ihrer Tracht: ein aufwendiger Wickelmantel, der über einem kurzen Rock, selten über einem langen Untergewand, getragen wird. Dies war die offizielle Tracht der Männer, wie sie im Alten Vorderen Orient zu dieser Zeit üblich war. Dass es sich bei diesem langen Wickelmantel um die für die Levantiner charakteristische Tracht handelt, war den Ägyptern wohl bewusst; sie standen in engem Kontakt mit ihren nördlichen Nachbarn, sie waren mit deren Bildwelt wohl vertraut. Nach ersten, nicht ganz überzeugenden Versuchen setzt sich gegen Ende der 18. Dynastie eine Darstellungskonvention dieses Mantels durch, die zwar stark vereinfacht, aber als typisch levantinisch erkennbar bleibt; diese Variante wird bis in die Zeit Ramses III. beibehalten.
Keywords: Männliche Tracht im Alten Vorderen Orient im 2. Jt., Mantel, Hemd, Rock, Levantiner auf ägyptischen Darstellungen während der 18. bis 20. Dynastie, Pfortenbuch, Kopie, Nachahmung, Adaption, Missverständnisse, Musterbücher
Eva A. Braun-Holzinger
Page 85 - 120 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL34s85
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Middle Cypriot Trade and Gateway Communities: New Evidence from the Tel Kabri Excavations
This study presents an updated overview of the importation of Cypriot White Painted Ware to the southern Levant during the Middle Bronze Age, with a focus on distribution, chronology, and maritime trade. Drawing on extensive catalogs, including recent excavations at key locations such as Tel Kabri, Ashkelon, and Tell el- ‘Ajjul, the significant role of these coastal sites as hubs of Cypriot trade is highlighted. Notably, the research reveals a pronounced concentration of imports in the northern regions, particularly during the early Middle Bronze phases (MB I and II), with Tel Kabri suggested as a central trading nexus. Using an analysis of sailing routes and prevailing winds, the study explores patterns of maritime mobility that facilitated these exchanges. The evidence suggests that direct trade routes from eastern Cyprus, particularly from Kalopsidha and the Karpas Peninsula, significantly influenced the distribution of White Painted Ware and Red-on-Red/Black Ware. Furthermore, the distribution of imports suggests that the socio political dynamics within the region, including the rise and eventual decline of Tel Kabri, were instrumental in shaping trade networks and the circulation of goods. The gradual increase in WP imports throughout the Middle Bronze Age aligns with the development of Levantine urbanization.
Keywords: Cypriot Pottery, Tel Kabri, White Painted Ware, Middle Bronze Age, Maritime Connectivity, Cypro-Levantine Trade
Brigid Clark - Inbal Samet - David Gal - Eric H. Cline - Assaf Yasur-Landau
Page 121 - 148 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL34s121
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Analysis of a Form of Poverty in Ancient Egypt: A Lexicographical and Sociological Study of šwȝw
This article presents a comprehensive examination of the term šwȝw, traditionally translated as “poor man” within ancient Egyptian texts.
Combining both linguistic and sociological approaches, it traces the usage of šwȝw and its related verb forms from the Old Kingdom to the Graeco-Roman period. The study aims to determine whether šwȝw and similar terms reflect distinct nuances of poverty and social status. The research indicates that šwȝw signifies more than just economic deprivation; it denotes a sudden shift in social standing caused by external circumstances, setting it apart from other terms that convey different aspects of inferiority and dependency. Furthermore, the article explores societal responses to šwȝw, which reveal broader cultural attitudes, including both the provision of assistance and the marginalisation of this group. It concludes that a nuanced understanding of šwȝw and its variations offers valuable insights into the social hierarchy and conceptualisations of poverty in ancient Egypt, demonstrating it to be a complex and multi-dimensional issue.
Keywords: Šwȝw, Poverty, Ancient Egypt, Lexicography, social status, deprivation, Sociological analysis, Social hierarchy
Delphine Driaux
Page 149 - 176 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL34s149
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Ein Keulenkopf als politische Offerte: Zur Wiederaufnahme diplomatischer Beziehungen zwischen Ägypten und Ugarit nach der Schlacht von Qadesch
Ausgehend von einer Analyse eines elfenbeinernen Keulenkopfes, der in Ugarit entdeckt wurde und eine politische Offerte des ägyptischen Pharaos zur Unterwerfung unter die ägyptische Oberhoheit übermittelt, beleuchtet der folgende Artikel die politischen Beziehungen zwischen dem Kleinkönigtum Ugarit und Ägypten nach der Schlacht von Qadesch.
Keywords: Ugarit, Ägypten, Ḫatti, Schlacht von Qadesch, elfenbeinerner Keulenkopf, Divination, Baʿal, Koṯar-wa-Ḫasīs, Ramses II., Nefertari, Merenptah, Ammurapi II., npṭry, P3-rḫ-nw(3), Baʿal-Tempel, Statuenkult, Tributzahlungen, Getreidelieferungen, Oberhoheit, KTU³ 1.76, KTU³ 2.23, KTU³ 2.81, KTU³ 6.84, RS 1.[090], RS 88.2158, pAmherst IX + pBN 202
Nadine Eßbach
Page 177 - 200 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL34s177
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Accounting Terminology in the El-Lahun Hieratic Papyri
This paper aims to clarify the accounting terminology found in the El-Lahun Accounting Papyri, housed in the University College London Library, and explore the general structure of these documents. Studying accounting terms in ancient Egyptian papyri is crucial for understanding the economic practices, administrative systems, and cultural contexts of ancient Egypt. Analysis of the structure of these papyri reveals that each category is characterized by distinct forms and terminology, likely reflecting the diverse functions these documents served within the administrative framework—from tax records to inventory lists. By examining both terminology and structure, this research provides insights into the economic landscape of ancient Egypt, illustrating how writing facilitated trade, resource management, and legal obligations. Ultimately, it deepens our understanding of ancient Egyptian bureaucracy and contributes to broader discussions on the role of written language in the administrative systems of El-Lahun society during the Late Middle Kingdom.
Keywords: El-Lahun Accounting Papyri, Ancient Egyptian economy, Accounting terminology, Bureaucratic practices, Administrative systems, Economic papyri, Tax records, Inventory lists, Late Middle Kingdom, Written language in administration
Marwa A. Ewais
Page 201 - 222 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL34s201
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People Called Asiatic or Nubian in Middle Kingdom Written Sources: A Comparison
In many late Middle Kingdom written sources, there appear people labelled “Asiatic” or “ female Asiatic” (ʿ3mw/ʿ3mt), while the term “Nubian” (nḥsy/nḥsyt) is extremely rare as a marker for single individuals. This contrasts with the archaeological record, which provides good evidence for Nubians (C-Group) living in Egypt, whereas there is little evidence for people from the Levant in Egypt proper, apart from the Eastern Delta. It can be shown that at least some people from the Levant were labelled in documents and monuments as “Asiatic,” indicating a certain social status and perhaps expressing a specific form of dependency. For Nubians, however, no such label is attested.
Keywords: Asiatic, Nubian, Workforce, social category, Middle Kingdom, Pan-grave, C-Group
Wolfram Grajetzki
Page 223 - 232 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL34s223
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In the Land of Gazelles and Hares: Early Holocene Organic Remains from Bargat El-Shab, Site E-05-1/2 (Western Desert, Egypt)
Bargat El-Shab is situated in the southern part of the Western Desert, southwest of the well-known complex of prehistoric sites at Nabta Playa. Traces of Early and Middle Holocene prehistoric settlements have been recorded around the palaeolake basin. The current research focuses on the environmental conditions surrounding the seasonal campsite E-05-1, located on the eastern shore of the playa, which dates to the Holocene climatic optimum during the El Nabta/Al Jerar phase of Egypt’s Southwestern Desert. The site was excavated during the 2005–2019 seasons, and the primary results were published. For this study, several features from site E-05-1, dated to the El Nabta/Al Jerar phase and containing a significant number of animal and plant remains, were specifically selected. The combined interpretation of these data facilitated an assessment of the environmental conditions and the impact of climate on the lives of the camp’s inhabitants. The research confirmed that small game hunting, including gazelles and hares, as well as the gathering of plant foods such as sorghum, occurred in the vicinity of the playa.
Keywords: animal remains, plant remains, environmental conditions, Early Holocene, El Nabta/Al Jerar period
Urszula Iwaszczuk - Przemysław Bobrowski - Maria Lityńska-Zając - Grzegorz Skrzyński
Page 233 - 258 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL34s233
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Ḥknw and sfṯ-oils as Products Imported to Egypt: Some Remarks on their Origins, Production, and Trade Routes
This paper explores the origins and trade routes of two oils, ḥknw and sfṯ, which were widely used in temple and funerary rituals in Ancient Egypt Traditionally thought to have been imported from southern regions and the Near East (respectively), these oils’ origins are often based on limited evidence By re-analysing available data chronologically, this study aims to provide a clearer picture of their historical sources and trade connections The study also considers whether these oils were fully imported or partially processed in Egypt, as some visual records from tombs suggest that Egyptians may have also produced oils locally using imported ingredients This dual sourcing might reflect a differentiation in oil composition and trade practices over time.
Keywords: ḥknw-oil, sfṯ-oil, seven sacred oils, trade routes, oil production
Katarzyna Kapiec
Page 259 - 274 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL34s259
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Assyrians, Egyptians, and Greeks in Late Iron Age Megiddo
Megiddo is the most prominent example of urban centres restored by the Assyrians in the Levant during the late 8th and 7th centuries BCE. Past excavations revealed the remains of a city with a distinct orthogonal plan and large administrative structures functioning as the capital of a Neo-Assyrian province. The social composition and duration of its existence, specifically after the Assyrian withdrawal, are disputed. Due to the extensive exposure of the surface layers in the 1920s, it was believed that almost no undisturbed remains were left for modern field research. However, recent excavations in the north-western sector of the mound have unearthed a sequence of layers, dated to the later phases of the Iron Age, that allow a high-resolution study of the city’s development and the identity of its inhabitants in the post-732 BCE era. Especially noteworthy among the finds are the significant quantities of imported Egyptian and East Greek pottery.
Keywords: Megiddo, Iron Age IIC, Assyria, Egypt, Assyrianised Pottery, Egyptian pottery, East Greek Pottery, Deportees, Egyptians, Greek, Mercenaries, Lydia, Necho II, Josiah, Biblical History
Assaf Kleiman - Alexander Fantalkin - Liora Bouzaglou - Reli Avisar - Matthew J. Adams - Israel Finkelstein
Page 275 - 304 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL34s275
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Animal Offerings and Mysterious Vultures: Animal Bones from the Lepsius No. 25 Tomb Complex (Abusir, Egypt)
The tomb complex Lepsius No. 25, located in the southern part of the royal cemetery in Abusir Centre, is an unusual architectural monument consisting of two mastabas leaning on each other. Princess Hanebu and her female relative were probably buried in it during the second half of the Fifth Dynasty. The architectural complex has been extensively damaged by stone- and tombrobbers, and by secondary burying both in its interior and exterior. In addition to the fragmentary preserved skeletal remains of the tomb owners, parts of burial equipment, and other evidence of material culture, animal bones were also discovered during the archaeological excavation. They document how the food offerings in the burial equipment of both tomb owners looked like – they are evidence of the high status of both ladies. The animal bones also indicate the usage of animals and their parts during the cult activities in the chapel in Tomb Lepsius 25/1. The assemblage of animal bones was analysed according to the individual finding units inside and outside the tombs. The analyses also brought important results in concern with the “head and hooves” ritual. An interesting find was the discovery of vulture bones, which probably originated in the 1st millennium BC from the fill of the construction pit in Tomb Lespius 25/1. It cannot be ruled out that this may have resulted from efforts to meet the high demand for larger bird species for votive purposes in the Falcon catacombs in Northern Saqqara.
Keywords: animal bones, Abusir necropolis, Old Kingdom, Late Period, victual and votive offerings, funerary rituals, vultures
Jaromír Krejčí - Zdeňka Sůvová
Page 305 - 323 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL34s305
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“Le Sanctuaire Ptolémaïque De Deir El-Bahari”: Addendum
This paper presents an expanded interpretation of the decoration programme of the Ptolemaic sanctuary at Deir el-Bahari, dedicated to Amenhotep son of Hapu and Imhotep, previously published by the same author (Laskowska-Kusztal 1984). It presents the results of a new analysis of decorative elements, highlighting the relationship between the sanctuary and the ideology of the so-called Small Temple (Ḏsr-st temple) at Medinet Habu. The paper also provides insight into the link between the Ptolemaic sanctuary and the Feast of the Valley, as well as the existence of the cult of Amenope at Deir el-Bahari. This addendum draws on recent research that has augmented our understanding of the historical and ritual topography of the West Bank, as well as the theology of temples situated in that area.
Keywords: Deir el-Bahari, Ptolemaic sanctuary, Amenhotep son of Hapu, Imhotep, Amun (of) Ḏsr-st, Amenope, Thutmose III, Feast of the Valley, Feast of the Decade
Ewa Laskowska-Kusztal
Page 325 - 338 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL34s325
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šmʿ.w: Die Oberägypter. Kulturelle Zusammenhänge von Nubien und Ägypten vom Neolithikum bis in Dynastie XVIII
Oberägypter werden in den Archiven von El-Lâhûn als Diener genannt. Die nicht-ägyptische Herkunft aus Oberägypten ist deutlich. Der ägyptische Hathorkult hat sich aus dem nubischen Batkult entwickelt, dessen Ausbildung in der frühdynastischen Zeit noch nicht abgeschlossen ist. Die Träger des Batkultes waren Nubier, die als Söldner angeheuert, als Gefangene bei einer Razzia nach Ägypten gebracht oder einen höheren Lebensstandard vor Allem in Oberägypten suchend, die von den ägyptischen Administratoren Oberägypter, nicht Sänger genannt wurden. Nubische Frauen werden wegen ihrer erotischen Begabung seit dem Alten Reich als Nebenfrauen in die ägyptischen Haushalte aufgenommen, besonders sichtbar in Beni Hasan. Seit Beginn des Mittleren Reiches sind Nubierinnen als Nebenfrauen der ägyptischen Könige nachweisbar, im Neuen Reich sogar als Hauptfrauen des Königs, wie das Beispiel der Königin Tije in Dynastie XVIII zeigt. Männer können den Rang eines Wesirs oder Gouverneurs erlangen oder wie Dyn. XXV Könige von Ägypten werden. Die Herkunft von Nubiern ist schwer aufzudecken, weil in ägyptischen Quellen eine schematische Sicht vorherrscht. Es gibt Ansätze, die Forschung im Osten nach Eritrea und im Westen nach Niger und Tschad auszuweiten, aber das ist noch Zukunft.
Keywords: Oberägypten, Nubien, Neolithikum, Dynastie XVIII, šmʿ.w
Page 339 - 376 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL34s339
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Hatshepsut’s Royal Cult Complex: The Courtyard and Its Decoration
This paper aims to unveil a previously unpublished part of the Royal Cult Complex at the Temple of Hatshepsut in Deir el-Bahari. The study examines the courtyard's state of preservation, spatial placement, constituent elements, the techniques used in its decoration, and the evolutionary changes within its decorative program both during Hatshepsut’s reign and after her death. The paper also delineates the multifaceted functions of the entrance segment of the Complex, spanning physical, ritual, and ideological dimensions.
Keywords: courtyard, Complex of the Royal Cult, Hatshepsut, Deir el-Bahari, decoration
Adrianna Madej-Ciuba
Page 377 - 392 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL34s377
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A New Seal-impression of King Shepseskara and the Fifth Dynasty Chronology
Since 2010 an Italian (currently Italian–Polish) archaeological expedition has been re-investigating the Fifth Dynasty sun temple of Nyuserra at Abu Ghurab, first discovered and excavated by Ludwig Borchardt in the years 1898–1901. During season 2021, in the north-eastern area of the complex, the mission uncovered a considerable accumulation of seal-impressions in a previously untouched and undisturbed archaeological context. These seal-impressions are inscribed with several administrative titles and bear evidence of many royal names of the late Fifth and early Sixth Dynasty. Among them, the most important in terms of historical information is certainly that of king Shepseskara. His position in the Fifth Dynasty chronology and his connection with the other Fifth Dynasty rulers are in fact still far from clear. This paper intends to present the main information pertaining to this new archaeological discovery and compare it with all available data about this king. Eventually, the paper wishes to reassess the chronology of the mid-Fifth Dynasty, by challenging the commonly accepted sequence Raneferef – Shepseskara – Nyuserra.
Keywords: Fifth Dynasty, Sun Temples, Abu Ghurab, Nyuserra, Shepseskara, Raneferef, Seal-impressions, Ptahshepses
Massimiliano Nuzzolo
Page 393 - 418 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL34s393
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Unearthing Fresh Copper at Tell el-Retaba: From the Second to the Third Intermediate Period
This article reports on the archaeometallurgical investigation of thirty-one metalworking and artefact samples from the Egyptian site Tell el-Retaba in Wadi Tumilat. These objects were uncovered by a joint Polish-Slovak mission active at the site since 2007. The samples, dating to the Second Intermediate Period and New Kingdom, contribute to the already published research on contemporary metalwork, including not only copper but also a unique silver toggle pin from the early New Kingdom. For the Third Intermediate Period—known as the Early Iron Age in archaeological terminology—this article provides the first dataset on settlement metallurgy from Egypt ever investigated. The material also includes a copper ingot fragment found on site’s surface, which likely dates to the Second Intermediate Period. The most unexpected finding is the identification of freshly processed copper, presumably sourced from mining sites in either the Eastern Desert or Sinai.
Keywords: Second Intermediate Period, New Kingdom, Third Intermediate Period, copper, Late Bronze Age
Page 419 - 453 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL34s419
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Anhänge: Ägyptologische Publikationen
This article reports on the archaeometallurgical investigation of thirty-one metalworking and artefact samples from the Egyptian site Tell el-Retaba in Wadi Tumilat. These objects were uncovered by a joint Polish-Slovak mission active at the site since 2007. The samples, dating to the Second Intermediate Period and New Kingdom, contribute to the already published research on contemporary metalwork, including not only copper but also a unique silver toggle pin from the early New Kingdom. For the Third Intermediate Period—known as the Early Iron Age in archaeological terminology—this article provides the first dataset on settlement metallurgy from Egypt ever investigated. The material also includes a copper ingot fragment found on site’s surface, which likely dates to the Second Intermediate Period. The most unexpected finding is the identification of freshly processed copper, presumably sourced from mining sites in either the Eastern Desert or Sinai.
Keywords: Second Intermediate Period, New Kingdom, Third Intermediate Period, copper, Late Bronze Age, early Iron Age, tin bronze, leaded copper, manganese, silver
Martin Odler - Jiří Kmošek - Veronika Verešová - Lucia Hulková - Łukasz Jarmużek - Angieszka Ryś-Jarmużek - Anna Wodzińska - Jozef Hudec - Sławomir Rzepka
Page 454 - 459
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Edition:
978-3-7001-9725-6, Journal, softcover, 24.02.2025
Edition:
978-3-7001-9726-3, eJournal, PDF, limited accessibility, 24.02.2025
Edition:
1. Auflage
Pages:
453 Pages
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29,7x21cm
Images:
numerous colour and b/w images, charts
Language:
German, English
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