Univ.-Prof.

Editorial | Multilingualism in Premodern Societies. Urban Administrative Spaces (Guest Editor: Katalin Szende) | Multilingualism in Eurasian Premodern Societies – Introductory Remarks | Names in Translation: Multilingual Administration and Name Adaptation in Venetian Dalmatia (Fifteenth-Sixteenth Century) | The Written Communication Between Ragusans and Ottomans Before the Mid-17th Century: Notes on Multilingualism and Language Ideologies | Moving Jobs: Occupational Identity and Motility in the Middle Ages, II (Guest Editors: Annamaria Pazienza and Irene Bavuso) | Moving Jobs: Occupational Identity and Motility in the Middle Ages II – Introduction | Wandering Artisans? The Mobility of Smiths in Early Post-Roman England | Work and Mobility in their Local Dimensions in Early Medieval Iberia | Ibn Buṭlān, a Physician on the Move between the Byzantine and Islamic Worlds | The Mongol's Baghdad: Knowledge transmission through Manuscript Cultures before and after the Conquest (Guest Editors: Bruno De Nicola and Nadine Löhr) | The Kāghaẕ-nāma: Papermaking in 13th-Century Baghdad | Individual Article | A Hitherto Unknown Universal History of the Early Eighth Century: Preliminary Notes on the Maronite Chronicle of 713

A truly sensational find is presented in volume 23 of Medieval Worlds: a newly discovered Christian world chronicle in Arabic, which Adrian C. Pirtea examines in a preliminary case study.

We furthermore open a new series on "Multilingualism in Premodern Societies", which investigates patterns of communication, mobility and power in connection with language use in a Eurasian context. This first instalment focuses on "Urban Administrative Spaces" (guest editor: Katalin Szende), in which two captivating articles make use of pragmatic literacy and investigate chancery documents of the 14th-17th centuries: Lena Sadovski uses them to draw out skilfully the multilingual environment of Venetian Dalmatia. Marijana Mišević highlights in her study the potential of this hitherto underused source for studying the communication between Ragusans and Ottomans.

Our cluster on "Moving Jobs: Occupational Identity and Motility in the Middle Ages" (guest editors: Annamaria Pazienza and Irene Bavuso) is continued from volume 20 (2024) with three contributions investigating how mobility could have meaningful impact on social advancement and identity formation: Joe Glynias presents a new view on the renowned 11th-century Baghdadi physician Ibn Buṭlān and his career as Christian Arabic author. The movement of peasants in 10th-century Spain as reconstructed from charters serves for Robert Portass as model to develop ideas on the mobility of local communities. Irene Bavuso combines theories of mobility and sedentism to offer new perspectives on artisans in early medieval England. 

A rare source on papermaking in 13th-century Baghdad was transcribed and partially translated by Shiva Mihan for a further addition to our volume on "Mongols’ Baghdad. Knowledge Transmission through Manuscript Cultures before and after the Conquest" (guest editors: Bruno de Nicola and Nadine Löhr).

 

Multilingualism in Premodern Societies: Urban Administrative Spaces (Guest Editor: Katalin Szende). Moving Jobs: Occupational Identity and Motility in the Middle Ages, II (Guest Editors: Annamaria Pazienza and Irene Bavuso)

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medieval worlds ‒ comparative and interdisciplinary studies, No. 23/2025

medieval worlds ‒ comparative and interdisciplinary studies, No. 23/2025 2025 23  

Editorial | The Mongols’ Baghdad: Knowledge Transmission through Manuscript Cultures before and after the Conquest – Introduction | Persian Books from Mongol Baghdad: A Survey of Manuscript Evidence | Reconstructing Rashīdī Manuscript Production: The Case for a Baghdad Scriptorium  | Hadith scholarship in Mongol Baghdad: al-Qazwīnī’s transmission of al-Baghawī’s "Maṣābīḥ al-sunna" | Ḥanafī "fiqh" and the Mongol Conquest: ʿAbd Allāh b. Maḥmūd al-Mawṣilī’s (d. 683/1284) "al-Mukhtār li-l-fatwā" | The Ṣābi’ Family Library of Thābit ibn Qurra’s Works in Baghdad | From the Banks of the Tigris to Circumambulating "al-Kaʻba": The Fate of a Manuscript from the Last Abbasid Caliph’s Library during the Mongol Invasion | Born in Baghdad: ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Juwaynī and the Composition of "Tārīkh-i Jahāngushā" | The Buildings of Medieval Baghdad and the Impact of the Mongol Conquest in 1258 | Reading Ptolemy’s "Almagest" in the Ilkhanate. Remarks on Marginalia in Books I and II of Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī’s "Taḥrīr al-Majisṭī"

Exceptionally, volume 22 focuses on one topic only: the manuscript corpus from the period of Ilkhanid rule in Baghdad (13th and 14th century CE). Entitled The Mongols’ Baghdad: Knowledge Transmission through Manuscript Cultures before and after the Conquest, guest editors Bruno De Nicola and Nadine Löhr aim to challenge with this volume the well-established narrative of Baghdad’s cultural decline after the Mongol conquest of Baghdad in 1258 CE. They consider the corpus a valuable resource for reconstructing intellectual and cultural trends from a multidisciplinary perspective. Accordingly, focusing on legal, medical, astronomical, literary or theological texts, the case studies offer insights into a great variety of topics: the change in linguistic and literary interest of the ruling elites (B. De Nicola), the processes of editing, disseminating and canonisation (S. Kamola, T. Mimura), the resilience of theological networks (S. Brinkmann) and the continuity of legal scholarship (K. Ivanyi). The rich layers of marginal notes in two specific manuscripts are utilized by G. Gharib and N. Löhr: the one to trace the extent of manuscript destruction and continuity, the other to map the scholarly environment in which scientific traditions were maintained. From historical sources and surviving medieval buildings A. Petersen reconstructs which urban infrastructure may have persisted after Mongol conquest. 

The Mongols’ Baghdad. Knowledge Transmission through Manuscript Cultures before and after the Conquest (Guest Editors: Bruno De Nicola and Nadine Löhr)

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medieval worlds ‒ comparative and interdisciplinary studies, No. 22/2025

medieval worlds ‒ comparative and interdisciplinary studies, No. 22/2025 2025 22 22 

Editorial | Introduction | The Metaphysics of Chinese Historiography: The Legitimacy Debate and Historical Interpretation in the Post-Han Periods  | Climate Variability and Medieval Nomadic Empires: Notes from Case Studies | The Western Kingdoms and Eastern Rome after 476. Three Notes on the Impact of Religion on Cohesion and Connectivity in the Sixth- and Seventh-Century Mediterranean | Constantius II and Christian Rome | Einhard’s Charlemagne: Virtue through Misfortune | Mutations of Diversity in the Merovingian Kingdom

In this volume guest editors Q. Edward Wang 王晴佳 and Li Longguo 李隆国 present articles pertaining to empires in phases of change. The empires under discussion are the late Quin/Han, Tang and Song Dynasties, Medieval Nomadic Empires, the Roman Empire and the Merovingian and Carolingian Dynasties. The authors focus on the ways that imperial power was exercised, delineated, consolidated, represented and expressed in times of power transitions or ruptures.

Many of the contributions were originally published by our guest editors in a Chinese volume entitled Duanlie yu zhuanxing: diguo zhihou de OuYa lishi yu shixue, 断裂与转型：帝国之后的欧亚历史与史学 [Between Empires: Rupture, Transformation and Transmission], (Shanghai, 2017). Some authors replaced their papers with new ones, while many reworked their original versions. The entire volume will be published in two instalments. The first in December 2024, the second in early 2025.

 

Chinese and Western Empires and Their Transformations. Guest Editors: Q. Edward Wang and Li Longguo

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medieval worlds ‒ comparative and interdisciplinary studies, No. 21/2024

medieval worlds ‒ comparative and interdisciplinary studies, No. 21/2024 2024 21 21 

Editorial | Moving Jobs: Occupational Identity and Motility in the Middle Ages (Guest editors: Annamaria Pazienza and Irene Bavuso) | Moving Jobs: Occupational Identity and Motility in the Middle Ages – Introduction | Forms of Mobility in the Southern Tarim Basin in the 7th to 10th Centuries | Religiosity and Artisanal Mobility: The Confluence of Confraternity and the Silk Industry in Byzantine Thebes circa 1100 | The Reichskirche, Clerical Mobility and the Making of the Ottonian World: The Case of Saint Wolfgang of Regensburg (c. 934-994)  | Mobility, Displacements and Identity in and around the Medieval Italian Countryside (6th to 10th centuries) | Cultural Brokers in European and Asian Contexts. Investigating a Concept (Guest editors: Clemens Gantner and Cinzia Grifoni) | Cultural Brokers in European and Asian Contexts. Investigating a Concept – Introduction | Cultural Brokers and Other Historiographic Metaphors: Perspectives from Indo-Tibetan Cultural History | Scholarly Personae in Colonial South Asia: Cultural Brokers and their Antagonists | New Tools for Everyday Tasks. Otfrid and the Spread of Commented Editions of the Bible at Ninth-Century Wissembourg | How Knowledge and Language Skills Can Save a Man from his Political Misfortunes: Anastasius Bibliothecarius as the Cultural Broker Par Excellence? | Individual Article | Family Matters. The Levirate Marriage as a Nomadic Custom in Medieval Eurasia

In this volume S. Liccardo and S. Wabnitz provide an in-depth study of Western and Chinese sources on marriage strategies, especially levirate in the early Middle Ages, additionally drawing on the latest results of ancient DNA analysis and anthropological insights.

Our thematic cluster “Moving Jobs: Occupational Identity and Motility in the Middle Ages” focuses on the mobility of people in connection with their work and offers case studies on the Southern Tarim Basin (T. Høisæter), central Greece (G. Wu), Italy (A. Pazienza) and southern Germany (W. North). Our second thematic cluster “Cultural Brokers. Investigating a Concept” in which contributors explore this possible approach to agents of knowledge transfer in the context of their disciplines: K. Schaeffer in Tibetan Buddhist history, Ch. Pecchia in Colonial South Asia, C. Grifoni in early medieval Francia and C. Gantner in early medieval Italy/Byzantium. Introductions to both clusters provide methodological context and comparative insights.

 

Moving Jobs: Occupational Identity and Motility in the Middle Ages (Guest Editors: Annamaria Pazienza and Irene Bavuso). Cultural Brokers in European and Asian Contexts. Investigating a Concept (Guest Editors: Clemens Gantner and Cinzia Grifoni)

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medieval worlds ‒ comparative and interdisciplinary studies, No. 20/2024

medieval worlds ‒ comparative and interdisciplinary studies, No. 20/2024 2024 20 20 

Editorial | Oaths in Premodern Japan and Premodern Europe. Guest editors: Philippe Buc and Thomas D. Conlan | Oaths in Premodern Japan and Premodern Europe. An Introduction | Before Written Oaths (kishōmon): Oaths (sensei) in Ancient Japan | The Gods Are Watching: Talismans, Oaths, and Political Allegiance in Medieval Japan | Writing Oaths: Embodied Evidence in Fifteenth-Century Japan | Oaths and Divine Punishments in Warring States Japan from the Princeton University Collection | Loyalty Oaths and the Transformation of Political Legitimacy in the Medieval West | The Promise of History: Oaths in Frankish Historiography | Oaths as an Instrument of Power in Southern France, 11th-12th Centuries | Oaths and Socio-political Hierarchies in the Urban »Sworn Society«: South-west Germany in the Late Middle Ages | Individual Article | Nicholas in the North: A Fragment of Nikolaus Saga Erkibyskups in Oslo, Nra 69 – Text, Translation and Commentary

In this volume, guest editors Philippe Buc and Thomas D. Conlan use oaths as the pivotal point for their comparative thematic section. Focusing on the differences and similarities between Japanese and European oath-taking and oath-breaking practices during the medieval period, on terminology and on chronology, Philippe Buc provides an introduction that contextualises the studies in this collection. For Japan, Yoshikawa S. and T.D. Conlan give insights into the development of the written oath (kishōmon) from its predecessors and origins in the third to sixth centuries to the sixteenth century, M. Gilbert and Horikawa Y. provide case studies of kishōmon in the heyday of its use. For Western Europe, S. Esders outlines the development of oaths from Late Antiquity to the tenth century under Christian doctrinal influence. In three case studies, H. Reimitz, H. Débax and O. Richard illustrate the use of oaths in the Early, High and Late Middle Ages. 



In our individual articles section, E. Worrall, R. Kramer and T. Grant offer a new edition and commented translation of an Icelandic fragment of the Nikuláss saga erkibiskups, the Saga of Bishop Nicholas.



 

Oaths in Premodern Japan and Premodern Europe. Guest Editors: Philippe Buc and Thomas D. Conlan

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medieval worlds ‒ comparative and interdisciplinary studies, No. 19/2023

medieval worlds ‒ comparative and interdisciplinary studies, No. 19/2023 2023 19 19 

Editorial | Debate. Was There a Medieval »State«? | Handwritten Arithmetic Treatises in German (1400-1550). A First Assessment of the Sources Based on the Exemplary Corpus Held by the Austrian National Library | Peacemaking after Defeat in England in 991 and Northern Song China in 1005  | Sleepy Animals: Barhebraeus (1226-1286 CE) on Sleeping and Dreaming among Animals  | The Ideas of Pseudo-Empedocles in Baghdad Mysticism of the Ninth-Tenth Centuries CE: Al-Ḥallāj’s Cosmology  | John Zacharias Aktouarios (c. 1275-1330) and His Treatise On Psychic Pneuma: Critical Edition of the Greek Text with German Translation and Medical-Historical Commentary Progress and Current Results of the Research Project  | Communities of Knowledge: Interreligious Networks of Scholars in Ibn Abī Uṣaybiʿa’s History of the Physicians (Project Report)  | Off the Record: On Studying Lost Arabic Books and their Networks  | Labeling Religious Affiliation in Ibn Abī Uṣaybiʿa’s History of Physicians: A Quest

In this volume we introduce the debate as a new format in Medieval Worlds. Scholars are invited to contribute to current topics of interest either with an essay or with comments to this essay. The series is opened with a lively discussion of the concept of “state” in medieval studies and offers contributions by B. D. Shaw, N. Di Cosmo, S. Gasparri and C. La Rocca, H.-W. Goetz, J. Haldon, Y. Stouraitis and R. Le Jan.

M. Wiesinger, C. Jackel and N. Orban discuss first results of their ground-breaking ERC project Arithmetic, in which German mathematical treatises from the Late Middle Ages are studied. The second stand-alone contribution by A. Wareham compares English and Chinese sources with regard to peacemaking around the turn of the 11th century. The second instalment of our thematic section on Knowledge Collaboration among Jews, Christians, Zoroastrians, and Muslims in the Abbasid Near East (guest editor N.P. Gibson) presents further studies on textual evidence of “other” (religions) as well as insights into possible uses of digital tools in this context.

 

State Debate and Knowledge Collaboration among Jews, Christians, Zoroastrians, and Muslims in the Abbasid Near East, II. Guest Editor: Nathan P. Gibson

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medieval worlds ‒ comparative and interdisciplinary studies, No. 18/2023

medieval worlds ‒ comparative and interdisciplinary studies, No. 18/2023 2023 18 18 

Editorial | »The sun was darkened for seventeen days« (AD 797). An Interdisciplinary Exploration of Celestial Phenomena between Byzantium, Charlemagne, and a Volcanic Eruption | Knowledge Collaboration among Jews, Christians, Zoroastrians, and Muslims in the Abbasid Near East: Introduction | Why Muslims Shouldn’t Practice Medicine: The Autobiographical Account of a Frustrated Physician, Ibrāhīm al-Qalyūbī (fl. second half of seventh/ thirteenth century)  | ʿAlī and the »Sons of Ādhurbādh«: Zoroastrian Priestly Authority in the Early Islamic Era | On Attributes and Hypostases: Muslim Theology in the Interreligious Writings of Patriarch Timothy I (d. 823) | For the Care of Body and Soul: A CPA Bible and an Arab-Islamic Medical Text in a Tenth-Century Palimpsest Fragment | Interreligious Scholarly Collaboration in Ibn al-Nadīm’s Fihrist  | Indexing a Shared Knowledge Culture from Many Perspectives: The Historical Index of the Medieval Middle East (HIMME) as a Tool for Researching Diversity | Embedding Conquest: Naturalizing Muslim Rule in the Early Islamic Empire (Project Report)

In the stand-alone article of volume 17, J. Preiser-Kapeller and E. Kislinger combine natural scientific data and historical research on atmospheric and climatic phenomena of the 8th and 9th centuries to provide new interpretations for the events between the blinding of the Byzantine emperor Constantine VI (797 AD) and the coronation of the Frankish king Charlemagne in 800 AD. The thematic section delves into the intricacies of medieval knowledge cooperation: Five contributions investigate possible evidence for the exchange of knowledge between figures belonging to different religious traditions in the Near East/Middle East during the reign of the Abbasid caliphate from 7th to the 13th century CE: Muslim-Zoroastrian (K. Dang), Christian-Muslim (J. Jakob, M. Pimpinelli), Muslim-Jewish (I. Sánchez) and Muslim-Christian-Jewish (R. Gareil). An introductory contextualisation by guest editor N. Gibson and two reports about projects on knowledge collaboration in the medieval Middle East (T. Carlson and J. Mutter; C. Palombo) complement this section.

 

Knowledge Collaboration among Jews, Christians, Zoroastrians, and Muslims in the Abbasid Near East

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medieval worlds ‒ comparative and interdisciplinary studies, No. 17/2022

medieval worlds ‒ comparative and interdisciplinary studies, No. 17/2022 2022 17 17 

"medieval worlds" provides a forum for comparative, interdisciplinary and transcultural studies of the Middle Ages. Its aim is to overcome disciplinary boundaries, regional limits and national research traditions in Medieval Studies, to open up new spaces for discussion, and to help developing global perspectives. We focus on the period from c. 400 to 1500 CE but do not stick to rigid periodization. "medieval worlds" is open to submissions of broadly comparative studies and matters of global interest, whether in single articles, companion papers, smaller clusters, or special issues on a subject of global/comparative history. We particularly invite studies of wide-ranging connectivity or comparison between different world regions. Apart from research articles, "medieval worlds" publishes ongoing debates and project and conference reports on comparative medieval research. 

Africa 500‒1000. New Perspectives or Historical and Archaeological Research ‒ Gobal Epigraphy, II. Perception and Representation of the Foreign

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medieval worlds ‒ comparative and interdisciplinary studies, No. 16/2022

medieval worlds ‒ comparative and interdisciplinary studies, No. 16/2022 2022 16 16 

This is the first special issue of "medieval worlds". This format has been introduced to provide a platform for publishing the proceedings of conferences and specially edited collections of studies which not only form a thematic unit but also engage in comparative or interdisciplinary discourse with each other. Special issues will be published in addition to the regular volumes, apart from the usual publication dates of 1 July and 1 December.

The present volume was organised by guest editors D. Mahoney, D. Ó Riain and G. Vocino. It contains seven case studies which examine medieval biographical collections from different cultural and religious backgrounds – Buddhist (R. Langelaar), Christian (R. Kramer, D. Ó Riain, G. Vocino, G. Ward, and V. Wieser) and Muslim (J. Heiss and D. Mahoney). Their findings form the basis of three comparative chapters, in which the authors of the case studies present aspects of comparison which emerged in their collaborative discussions, namely compilation strategies (D. Mahoney and D. Ó Riain), writing strategies (R. Langelaar, G. Vocino and V. Wieser) and audience and reception (R. Kramer and G. Ward). Introduction and conclusion form an overall framework that provides the reader with a broader comparative overview.

 medieval worlds provides a forum for comparative, interdisciplinary and transcultural studies of the Middle Ages. Its aim is to overcome disciplinary boundaries, regional limits and national research traditions in Medieval Studies, to open up new spaces for discussion, and to help developing global perspectives. We focus on the period from c. 400 to 1500 CE but do not stick to rigid periodization. medieval worlds is open to submissions of broadly comparative studies and matters of global interest, whether in single articles, companion papers, smaller clusters, or special issues on a subject of global/comparative history. We particularly invite studies of wide-ranging connectivity or comparison between different world regions. Apart from research articles, medieval worlds publishes ongoing debates and project and conference reports on comparative medieval research.



This is the first special issue of Medieval Worlds. This format has been introduced to provide a platform for publishing the proceedings of conferences and specially edited collections of studies which not only form a thematic unit but also engage in comparative or interdisciplinary discourse with each other. Special issues will be published in addition to the regular volumes, apart from the usual publication dates of 1 July and 1 December.

The present volume was organised by guest editors D. Mahoney, D. Ó Riain and G. Vocino. It contains seven case studies which examine medieval biographical collections from different cultural and religious backgrounds – Buddhist (R. Langelaar), Christian (R. Kramer, D. Ó Riain, G. Vocino, G. Ward, and V. Wieser) and Muslim (J. Heiss and D. Mahoney). Their findings form the basis of three comparative chapters, in which the authors of the case studies present aspects of comparison which emerged in their collaborative discussions, namely compilation strategies (D. Mahoney and D. Ó Riain), writing strategies (R. Langelaar, G. Vocino and V. Wieser) and audience and reception (R. Kramer and G. Ward). Introduction and conclusion form an overall framework that provides the reader with a broader comparative overview.

Medieval Biographical Collections: Perspectives from Buddhist, Christian and Islamic Worlds

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medieval worlds ‒ comparative and interdisciplinary studies, No. 15/Special Issue 2022

medieval worlds ‒ comparative and interdisciplinary studies, No. 15/Special Issue 2022 2022 15 15 

Urban Agencies: Reframing Anatolian and Caucasian Cities (13th-14th Centuries) - Preface | Reframing Medieval Anatolia, Caucasia, and the Aegean: Narratives, States, and Cities | Urban Agency and the City Notables of Medieval Anatolia | Cities and Imperial Authority in the Western Provinces of the Byzantine Empire, 12th-14th Centuries | A Conceptual Account of Market Morals that Resonated in Medieval Anatolia under Christian and Muslim Rule  | Merchant Capital, Taxation &amp; Urbanisation. The City of Ani in the Global Long Thirteenth Century | Looking for Urban Agency in a City of Memorials: Tomb Towers of Late-Thirteenth-Century Ahlat | Urban Agency in the Borderlands: Turkmen Rulers and Administrative Elites in 13th-century Kastamonu | "These are the narratives of bygone years": Conquest of a Fortress as a Source of Legitimacy  | The Sicilian Tithe Business: State and Merchants in the Eleventh-Century Islamic Mediterranean | "Eager to Go to the Desert": Ambiguous Views on Ascetic Women’s Holy Travels in Late Antiquity | Where the Long Way Ends: Descriptions of the Mediterranean Sea and Holy Land and the Criticism of Crusading at the Court of Henry II of England (1154-1189) | "I am a virgin woman and a virgin woman’s child". Critical Plant Theory and the Maiden Mother Conceit in Early Medieval Riddles | Latin and Hebrew Analogues to The Old Norse Leek Riddle

Volume 14 presents, in the individual articles section, two contributions to ancient and early medieval verse riddles in different languages offering at the same time insights into the relationship between humans and plants (A. Hall and S. A. Meghani). 

Guest editors B. De Nicola and M. Kinloch put the spotlight on cities in the first collection of articles, “Urban Agencies: Reframing Anatolian and Caucasian Cities (13th-14th Centuries)”. An introductory methodological summary by M. Kinloch and seven contributions – four using textual sources (A. C. S. Peacock, T. Shawcross, İ. Selçuk and D. Korobeinikov), two relying on archaeological evidence (O. Pancaroğlu and B. De Nicola) and one using both (N. S. M. Matheou) – investigate urban centres and their negotiations of power and autonomy in 13th- and 14th-century Caucasus, Anatolia and the Aegean. 

The Mediterranean in general and the “Movement and Mobility” of people and objects in it are explored in additional studies to the strand of volume 13, “Movement and Mobility in the Medieval Mediterranean: Changing Perspectives from Late Antiquity to the Long-Twelfth Century” by guest editors C. Heath, C. Gantner and E. Manarini: A. Jugănaru deals with the interest male spiritual leaders took in female pilgrimages in late Antiquity, L. M. Bondioli provides insights into the relationship between state and merchants in the Islamic Mediterranean of the 11th century, based on Geniza commercial letters and legal queries, and F. de Falco presents the Mediterranean, and Jerusalem in particular, as seen from the distanced perspective of Henry II’s court.

 “medieval worlds” provides a forum for comparative, interdisciplinary and transcultural studies of the Middle Ages. Its aim is to overcome disciplinary boundaries, regional limits and national research traditions in Medieval Studies, to open up new spaces for discussion, and to help developing global perspectives. We focus on the period from c. 400 to 1500 CE but do not stick to rigid periodization. “medieval worlds” is open to submissions of broadly comparative studies and matters of global interest, whether in single articles, companion papers, smaller clusters, or special issues on a subject of global/comparative history. We particularly invite studies of wide-ranging connectivity or comparison between different world regions. Apart from research articles, “medieval worlds” publishes ongoing debates and project and conference reports on comparative medieval research.



Volume 14 presents, in the individual articles section, two contributions to ancient and early medieval verse riddles in different languages offering at the same time insights into the relationship between humans and plants (A. Hall and S. A. Meghani). 

Guest editors B. De Nicola and M. Kinloch put the spotlight on cities in the first collection of articles, “Urban Agencies: Reframing Anatolian and Caucasian Cities (13th-14th Centuries)”. An introductory methodological summary by M. Kinloch and seven contributions – four using textual sources (A. C. S. Peacock, T. Shawcross, İ. Selçuk and D. Korobeinikov), two relying on archaeological evidence (O. Pancaroğlu and B. De Nicola) and one using both (N. S. M. Matheou) – investigate urban centres and their negotiations of power and autonomy in 13th- and 14th-century Caucasus, Anatolia and the Aegean. 

The Mediterranean in general and the “Movement and Mobility” of people and objects in it are explored in additional studies to the strand of volume 13, “Movement and Mobility in the Medieval Mediterranean: Changing Perspectives from Late Antiquity to the Long-Twelfth Century” by guest editors C. Heath, C. Gantner and E. Manarini: A. Jugănaru deals with the interest male spiritual leaders took in female pilgrimages in late Antiquity, L. M. Bondioli provides insights into the relationship between state and merchants in the Islamic Mediterranean of the 11th century, based on Geniza commercial letters and legal queries, and F. de Falco presents the Mediterranean, and Jerusalem in particular, as seen from the distanced perspective of Henry II’s court.

Urban Agencies: Reframing Anatolian and Caucasian Cities (13th‒14th Centuries) and Movement and Mobility in the Medieval Mediterranean: Changing Perspectives from Late Antiquity to the Long-Twelfth Century, II

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medieval worlds ‒ comparative and interdisciplinary studies, No. 14/2022

medieval worlds ‒ comparative and interdisciplinary studies, No. 14/2022 2022 14 14 

Editorial | Introduction: Movement and Mobility in the Medieval Mediterranean: Changing Perspectives from Late Antiquity to the Long-Twelfth Century | Aspects of Movement and Mobility in Lombard Law: Fugitives, Runaway Slaves and Strangers | Ad utriusque imperii unitatem? Anastasius Bibliothecarius as a Broker between Two Cultures and Three Courts in the Ninth Century | Holiness on the Move: Relic Translations and the Affirmation of Authority on the Italian Edge of the Carolingian World | The Translation of St Sylvester’s Relics from Rome to Nonantola: Itineraries of corpora sacra at the Crossroads between Devotion and Identity in Eighth-Tenth-Century Italy | Bilingualism in the Cambrai Homily | Between Innovation and Tradition: Code-Switching in the Transmission of the Commentary to the Félire Óengusso | Jacobus de Saraponte’s Aurissa: Evidence for Multilingual Preaching | Language Mixing as a Persuasive Strategy in Oxford, MS Bodley 649 | The World Map of the Corpus Pelagianum (BNE, 1513, fol. 1v) and its Strategies of Identification | The Pleasures of Virtue and the Virtues of Pleasure: The Classicizing Garden in Eleventh- and Twelfth-Century China and Byzantium | Sectarian Rivalry in Ninth-Century Cambodia: A Posthumous Inscription Narrating the Religious Tergiversations of Jayavarman III (K. 1457)  | The European Qur’ān: The Place of the Muslim Holy Book in European Cultural History

The present volume contains three stand-alone articles, which provide interdisciplinary and comparative insights into topics ranging from a text edition of a 9th century Cambodian religious stela (D. Goodall and Ch. Hun); to Byzantine and Chinese gardens in comparison (C. Virag and F. Spingou); and to a world map of a Christian Iberian manuscript (P.S. Marschner). J. Tolan presents an interim report on the activities of the multi-institutional team in the ERC SyG project EuQu, exploring the various roles of the Qur’ān in European cultural history. All further articles are assembled in two thematic sections: Movement and Mobility in the Medieval Mediterranean: Changing Perspectives from Late Antiquity to the Long-Twelfth Century was organised by guest editors C. Heath, C. Gantner and E. Manarini and, with the further contribution by F. Veronese and G. Zornetta, explores how evidence of movement and mobility can be used to trace the exchange of cultures, of ideas and products. The section Ideologies of Translation, III – Multilingual Sermons under guest editor J. Odstrčilík was introduced in volume 12, 2020 and is now augmented by studies of N. Stam, G. Knight, J. Odstrčilík and H. Halmari employing philological, linguistic, palaeographic and historical methods on different types of evidence for multilingual preaching.

 

Movement and Mobility in the Medieval Mediterranean: Changing Perspectives from Late Antiquity to the Long-Twelfth Century, I. Guest Editors: Christopher Heath, Clemens Gantner and Edoardo Manarini. Ideologies of Translation, III. Guest Editor: Jan Odstrčilík

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medieval worlds ‒ comparative and interdisciplinary studies, No. 13/2021

medieval worlds ‒ comparative and interdisciplinary studies, No. 13/2021 2021 13 13 

Rethinking Scholastic Communities in Medieval Eurasia: Introduction | Rethinking Scholastic Communities in Latin Europe: Competition and Theological Method in the Twelfth Century | Rethinking Buddhist Scholastic Communities Through a Socio-Historical Lens  | Myang ral Nyi ma ’od zer (1124-1192): Authority and Authorship in the Coalescing of the rNying ma Tantric Tradition | Between disputatio and Polemics: Dialectics as Production of Knowledge in the Middle Ages | The Tibetan Institutionalisation of Disputation: Understanding a Medieval Monastic Practice | Hostili praedo ditetur lingua latina: Conceptual Narratives of Translation in the Latin Middle Ages | Multilingual Medieval Sermons: Sources, Theories and Methods  | Multilingual Texts as a Reflection of Code-Switching in Medieval England: Sermons and Beyond | Orality in its Written Traces: Bilingual reportationes of Sermons in France (Thirteenth Century) | Bilingualism in Medieval Italian Preaching: The Case of Angelo da Porta Sole (d. 1334) | Bilingual Strategies in Fourteenth-Century Latin Sermons from Catalonia  | Typology and Spectrum of Latin-Irish and Latin-English Codeswitches in Medieval Sermon Literature | Review Article: How Far is Global?

MEDIEVAL WORLDS provides a new forum for interdisciplinary and transcultural studies of the Middle Ages. Specifically it encourages and links comparative research between different regions and fields and promotes methodological innovation in transdisciplinary studies. Focusing on the Middle Ages (c. 400-1500 CE, but can be extended whenever thematically fruitful or appropriate), MEDIEVAL WORLDS takes a global approach to studying history in a comparative setting.

MEDIEVAL WORLDS is open to regular submissions on comparative topics, but also offers the possibility to propose or advertise subjects that lend themselves to comparison. With a view to connecting people working on related topics in different academic environments, we publish calls for matching articles and for contributions on particular issues.



Table of Contents



- Pascale Hugon - Birgit Kellner: Rethinking Scholastic Communities in Medieval Eurasia: Introduction 



- Constant J. Mews: Rethinking Scholastic Communities in Latin Europe: Competition and Theological Method in the Twelfth Century



- José Ignacio Cabezón: Rethinking Buddhist Scholastic Communities Through a Socio-Historical Lens



- Cathy Cantwell: Myang ral Nyi ma ’od zer (1124-1192): Authority and Authorship in the Coalescing of the rNying ma Tantric Tradition



- Bénédicte Sère: Between disputatio and Polemics: Dialectics as Production of Knowledge in the Middle Ages



- Jonathan Samuels: The Tibetan Institutionalisation of Disputation: Understanding a Medieval Monastic Practice



- Réka Forrai: Hostili praedo ditetur lingua latina: Conceptual Narratives of Translation in the Latin Middle Ages 



- Jan Odstrčilík: Multilingual Medieval Sermons: Sources, Theories and Methods 



- Herbert Schendl: Multilingual Texts as a Reflection of Code-Switching in Medieval England: Sermons and Beyond



- Nicole Bériou: Orality in its Written Traces: Bilingual reportationes of Sermons in France (Thirteenth Century) 



- Carlo Delcorno: Bilingualism in Medieval Italian Preaching: The Case of Angelo da Porta Sole (d. 1334)



- Lidia Negoi: Bilingual Strategies in Fourteenth-Century Latin Sermons from Catalonia 



- Tom ter Horst: Typology and Spectrum of Latin-Irish and Latin-English Codeswitches in Medieval Sermon Literature



- Roy Flechner: Review Article: How Far is Global?  

Rethinking Scholastic Communities & Ideologies of Translation, II

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medieval worlds ‒ comparative and interdisciplinary studies, No. 12/2020

medieval worlds ‒ comparative and interdisciplinary studies, No. 12/2020 2020 12 12 

Instead of an Introduction: Medieval Europe Translated | The Byzantine Imperial Chancery and its Language Policy from Justin II to Leo III (Sixth-Eighth Centuries): From Latin to Greek | Translation as Interpretation: Translating Galen’s Polysemous Term 'Physis' into Arabic | Between Languages, Genres and Cultures: Diego Collado’s Linguistic Works | The Latin Talmud and the Extension of Papal Jurisdiction over Jews | »For they did not change their language« (MekhY Pischa 5): On the Early Medieval Literary Rehebraicisation of Jewish Culture | The Tibetan Translation of the Indian Buddhist Epistemological Corpus | Translation as Commentary in the Sanskrit-Old Javanese Didactic and Religious Literature from Java and Bali | An Interim Report on the Editorial and Analytical Work of the AnonymClassic Project

MEDIEVAL WORLDS provides a new forum for interdisciplinary and transcultural studies of the Middle Ages. Specifically it encourages and links comparative research between different regions and fields and promotes methodological innovation in transdisciplinary studies. Focusing on the Middle Ages (c. 400-1500 CE, but can be extended whenever thematically fruitful or appropriate), MEDIEVAL WORLDS takes a global approach to studying history in a comparative setting.

MEDIEVAL WORLDS is open to regular submissions on comparative topics, but also offers the possibility to propose or advertise subjects that lend themselves to comparison. With a view to connecting people working on related topics in different academic environments, we publish calls for matching articles and for contributions on particular issues.



Table of Contents



- Pavlína Rychterová: Instead of an Introduction: Medieval Europe Translated 



- Christian Gastgeber: The Byzantine Imperial Chancery and its Language Policy from Justin II to Leo III (Sixth-Eighth Centuries): From Latin to Greek 



- Elvira Wakelnig: Translation as Interpretation: Translating Galen’s Polysemous Term Physis into Arabic



- Jan Odstrčilík: Between Languages, Genres and Cultures: Diego Collado’s Linguistic Works



- Alexander Fidora: The Latin Talmud and the Extension of Papal Jurisdiction over Jews 



- Constanza Cordoni: »For they did not change their language« (MekhY Pischa 5): On the Early Medieval Literary Rehebraicisation of Jewish Culture



- Pascale Hugon: The Tibetan Translation of the Indian Buddhist Epistemological Corpus



- Andrea Acri - Thomas Hunter, M.: Translation as Commentary in the Sanskrit-Old Javanese Didactic and Religious Literature from Java and Bali 



- Beatrice Gruendler - Jan J. van Ginkel - Rima Redwan - Khouloud Khalfallah - Isabel Toral - Johannes Stephan - Matthew L. Keegan - Theodore S. Beers - Mahmoud Kozae - Marwa M. Ahmed: An Interim Report on the Editorial and Analytical Work of the AnonymClassic Project medieval worlds provides a forum for comparative, interdisciplinary and transcultural studies of the Middle Ages. Its aim is to overcome disciplinary boundaries, regional limits and national research traditions in Medieval Studies, to open up new spaces for discussion, and to help developing global perspectives. We focus on the period from c. 400 to 1500 CE but do not stick to rigid periodization.

medieval worlds is open to submissions of broadly comparative studies and matters of global interest, whether in single articles, companion papers, smaller clusters, or special issues on a subject of global/comparative history. We particularly invite studies of wide-ranging connectivity or comparison between different world regions.

Apart from research articles, medieval worlds publishes ongoing debates and project and conference reports on comparative medieval research.



Table of Contents



Ideologies of Translation, I



Instead of an Introduction: Medieval Europe Translated Pavlína Rychterová



Technologies of Translation



The Byzantine Imperial Chancery and its Language Policy from Justin II to Leo III

(Sixth-Eighth Centuries): From Latin to Greek

Christian Gastgeber



Translation as Interpretation: Translating Galen’s Polysemous Term Physis into Arabic

Elvira Wakelnig



Between Languages, Genres and Cultures: Diego Collado’s Linguistic Works

Jan Odstrčilík



Politics of Translation



The Latin Talmud and the Extension of Papal Jurisdiction over Jews

Alexander Fidora



»For they did not change their language« (MekhY Pischa 5):

On the Early Medieval Literary Rehebraicisation of Jewish Culture

Constanza Cordoni



Cultures of Translation



The Tibetan Translation of the Indian Buddhist Epistemological Corpus

Pascale Hugon



Translation as Commentary in the Sanskrit-Old Javanese Didactic

and Religious Literature from Java and Bali

Andrea Acri and Thomas M. Hunter



Project Report



An Interim Report on the Editorial and Analytical Work of the AnonymClassic Project

Beatrice Gruendler, Jan J. van Ginkel, Rima Redwan, Khouloud Khalfallah, Isabel Toral, Johannes Stephan, Matthew L. Keegan, Theodore S. Beers, Mahmoud Kozae, Marwa M. Ahmed

Ideologies of Translation I

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medieval worlds ‒ comparative and interdisciplinary studies, No. 11/2020

medieval worlds ‒ comparative and interdisciplinary studies, No. 11/2020 2020 11 11 

Introduction. Making the Past in Late and Post-Carolingian Historiography | The Church as a Governance Actor in a Period of Post-Imperial Transition: Delegation of Fiscal Rights and Legal Change in 10th-century Churraetia | Understanding the Church’s Past: Usuard’s Martyrology in Tenth-and Eleventh-century England | Creating an »Orthodox« Past: Georgian Hagiography and the Construction of a Denominational Identity | Using the Carolingian Past in a Society of Transformation: The Case of Early Medieval Septimania/Catalonia in the Long Tenth Century (900-1050) | Uses of the Past in Early Medieval Iberia (Eighth-Tenth Centuries) | Royal Marriage, Frankish History and Dynastic Crisis in Regino of Prüm’s Chronicle | Negotiating the Roman Past in Later Tenth-century Armenia | Aitire, 人質, тали, όμηρος, رهن , obses: Hostages, Political Instability, and the Writing of History c. 900-c. 1050 CE | Global Epigraphy: The Scholarship on Inscriptions of Eurasia from Antiquity to the Early Modern Period | Archaeological Contexts of Inscriptions in the Private Sphere: The Mosaic Inscriptions of a villa rustica in Skala/Cephalonia | Inscriptions in Areas of Historical Western Tibet (mNga’ ris skor gsum) in their Contexts: A Brief Overview with Selected Examples | History and Exegesis in the Itinerarium of Bernard the Monk (c. 867)

MEDIEVAL WORLDS provides a new forum for interdisciplinary and transcultural studies of the Middle Ages. Specifically it encourages and links comparative research between different regions and fields and promotes methodological innovation in transdisciplinary studies. Focusing on the Middle Ages (c. 400-1500 CE, but can be extended whenever thematically fruitful or appropriate), MEDIEVAL WORLDS takes a global approach to studying history in a comparative setting.

MEDIEVAL WORLDS is open to regular submissions on comparative topics, but also offers the possibility to propose or advertise subjects that lend themselves to comparison. With a view to connecting people working on related topics in different academic environments, we publish calls for matching articles and for contributions on particular issues.



Table of Contents



- Maximilian Diesenberger: Introduction. Making the Past in Late and Post-Carolingian Historiography



- Stefan Esders: The Church as a Governance Actor in a Period of Post-Imperial Transition: Delegation of Fiscal Rights and Legal Change in 10th-century Churraetia



- Sarah Hamilton: Understanding the Church’s Past: Usuard’s Martyrology in Tenth-and Eleventh-century England



- Emma Loosley Leeming: Creating an »Orthodox« Past: Georgian Hagiography and the Construction of a Denominational Identity



- Matthias M. Tischler: Using the Carolingian Past in a Society of Transformation: The Case of Early Medieval Septimania/Catalonia in the Long Tenth Century (900-1050)



- Jorge Elices Ocón - Eduardo Manzano Moreno: Uses of the Past in Early Medieval Iberia (Eighth-Tenth Centuries)



- Eric J. Goldberg - Simon MacLean: Royal Marriage, Frankish History and Dynastic Crisis in Regino of Prüm’s Chronicle



- Tim Greenwood: Negotiating the Roman Past in Later Tenth-century Armenia



- Alice Hicklin: Aitire, 人質, тали, όμηρος, رهن , obses: Hostages, Political Instability, and the Writing of History c. 900-c. 1050 CE



- Andreas Rhoby - Veronika Scheibelreiter-Gail - Andreas Zajic: Global Epigraphy: The Scholarship on Inscriptions of Eurasia from Antiquity to the Early Modern Period



- Elisabeth Rathmayr - Veronika Scheibelreiter-Gail: Archaeological Contexts of Inscriptions in the Private Sphere: The Mosaic Inscriptions of a villa rustica in Skala/Cephalonia



- Christian Jahoda: Inscriptions in Areas of Historical Western Tibet (mNga’ ris skor gsum) in their Contexts: A Brief Overview with Selected Examples



- Daniel Reynolds: History and Exegesis in the Itinerarium of Bernard the Monk (c. 867)  

Uses of the Past in Times of Transition: Forgetting, Using and Discrediting the Past & Approaches to Global Epigraphy, I

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medieval worlds ‒ comparative and interdisciplinary studies, No. 10/2019

medieval worlds ‒ comparative and interdisciplinary studies, No. 10/2019 2019 10 10 

An Old Ritual Capital, a New Ritual Landscape: Understanding the Transformation of Angkor Thom, Cambodia through the Construction and Placement of Theravāda »Buddhist Terraces« | The Monasteries of Athos and Chalkidiki (8th-11th Centuries): A Pioneering Front? | Pro qualitate loci et instantia laboris: Monasteries and their Human and Natural Environments in Late Antique Gaul | The Limitations of Asceticism | Greeks and »Greek« Writers in the Early Medieval Italian Papyri | Resenting Byzantine Iconoclasm. Its Early Reception in Italy through an Inscription from Corteolona | Mercantile and Religious Mobility between Byzantines, Latins and Muslims, 1200-1500: On the Theory and Practice of Social Networks | »A Universal Narrative of Humanity«. Travelling to the ›Other‹ from Constantinople: Priscus of Panion (5th c. CE)  and William of Rubruk (13th c. CE)

MEDIEVAL WORLDS provides a new forum for interdisciplinary and transcultural studies of the Middle Ages. Specifically it encourages and links comparative research between different regions and fields and promotes methodological innovation in transdisciplinary studies. Focusing on the Middle Ages (c. 400-1500 CE, but can be extended whenever thematically fruitful or appropriate), MEDIEVAL WORLDS takes a global approach to studying history in a comparative setting.

MEDIEVAL WORLDS is open to regular submissions on comparative topics, but also offers the possibility to propose or advertise subjects that lend themselves to comparison. With a view to connecting people working on related topics in different academic environments, we publish calls for matching articles and for contributions on particular issues.



Table of Contents



- Walter Pohl - Ingrid Hartl: Editor's Preface



- Andrew Harris: An Old Ritual Capital, a New Ritual Landscape: Understanding the Transformation of Angkor Thom, Cambodia through the Construction and Placement of Theravāda »Buddhist Terraces« 



- Michel Kaplan: The Monasteries of Athos and Chalkidiki (8th-11th Centuries): A Pioneering Front?



- Matheus Coutinho Figuinha: Pro qualitate loci et instantia laboris: Monasteries and their Human and Natural Environments in Late Antique Gaul 



- Albrecht Diem: The Limitations of Asceticism 



- Edward M. Schoolman: Greeks and »Greek« Writers in the Early Medieval Italian Papyri 



- Francesca Dell’Acqua - Clemens Gantner: Resenting Byzantine Iconoclasm. Its Early Reception in Italy through an Inscription from Corteolona 



- Johannes Preiser-Kapeller - Ekaterini Mitsiou: Mercantile and Religious Mobility between Byzantines, Latins and Muslims, 1200-1500: On the Theory and Practice of Social Networks

 

- Pia Carolla: »A Universal Narrative of Humanity«. Travelling to the ›Other‹ from Constantinople: Priscus of Panion (5th c. CE) and William of Rubruk (13th c. CE)  

Monasteries and Sacred Landscapes and Byzantine Connections

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medieval worlds ‒ comparative and interdisciplinary studies, No. 9/2019

medieval worlds ‒ comparative and interdisciplinary studies, No. 9/2019 2019 9 9 

Editor’s Preface | World Literature is Trans-Imperial: A Medieval and a Modern Approach | The Global Eminent Life: Sixth-Century Collected Biographies from Gregory of Tours to Huijiao of Jiaxiang Temple | The Aristotle of Pippin III. Greek Books Sent to the Frankish Court (ca. 758 AD) | Biblical Elements and the ›Other‹ in the Chronicon regum Legionensium | »The messenger is the place of a man’s judgment«: Diplomacy between Emperors and Caliphs in the Tenth Century | The Geopolitics on the Silk Road: Resurveying the Relationship of the Western Türks with Byzantium through Their Diplomatic Communications | Dynamics in Buddhist Transfer in Eastern Central Asia 6th-14th Centuries: A Project Report | Mobility, Empire and Cross-Cultural Contacts in Mongol Eurasia (MONGOL) | Greek into Arabic. Philosophical Concepts and Linguistic Bridges | Writing the History of Aristotelian Logic During the Long Ninth Century | The THESIS Project | Origins of the Vernacular Mode: Medieval Theology, Politics and Religious Identities

MEDIEVAL WORLDS provides a new forum for interdisciplinary and transcultural studies of the Middle Ages. Specifically it encourages and links comparative research between different regions and fields and promotes methodological innovation in transdisciplinary studies. Focusing on the Middle Ages (c. 400-1500 CE, but can be extended whenever thematically fruitful or appropriate), MEDIEVAL WORLDS takes a global approach to studying history in a comparative setting.

MEDIEVAL WORLDS is open to regular submissions on comparative topics, but also offers the possibility to propose or advertise subjects that lend themselves to comparison. With a view to connecting people working on related topics in different academic environments, we publish calls for matching articles and for contributions on particular issues.



Table of Contents



- Walter Pohl - Ingrid Hartl: Editor’s Preface



- Christian Høgel: World Literature is Trans-Imperial: A Medieval and a Modern Approach 



- James T. Palmer: The Global Eminent Life: Sixth-Century Collected Biographies from Gregory of Tours to Huijiao of Jiaxiang Temple



- Christian Gastgeber: The Aristotle of Pippin III. Greek Books Sent to the Frankish Court (ca. 758 AD) 



- Patrick S. Marschner: Biblical Elements and the ›Other‹ in the Chronicon regum Legionensium



- Courtney Luckhardt: »The messenger is the place of a man’s judgment«: Diplomacy between Emperors and Caliphs in the Tenth Century 



- Li Qiang - Stefanos Kordosis: The Geopolitics on the Silk Road: Resurveying the Relationship of the Western Türks with Byzantium through Their Diplomatic Communications



- BuddhistRoad Team: Dynamics in Buddhist Transfer in Eastern Central Asia 6th-14th Centuries: A Project Report



- Michal Biran: Mobility, Empire and Cross-Cultural Contacts in Mongol Eurasia (MONGOL)



- Cristina D’Ancona - Gerhard Endress - Andrea Bozzi: Greek into Arabic. Philosophical Concepts and Linguistic Bridges 



- Christophe Erismann: Writing the History of Aristotelian Logic During the Long Ninth Century 



- Monica Brinzei: The THESIS Project 



- Pavlína Rychterová: Origins of the Vernacular Mode: Medieval Theology, Politics and Religious Identities  

Transcultural Contacts and Literary Exchanges

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medieval worlds ‒ comparative and interdisciplinary studies, No. 8/2018

medieval worlds ‒ comparative and interdisciplinary studies, No. 8/2018 2018 8 8 

Von der Ethnogenese zur Identitätsforschung | Political Identity, Ethnic Identity, Genetic Identity: The Dangers of Conceptual Confusion | „Haben die Barbaren die Nationalgötter Griechenlands zerstört?“ | Herrschaftsanerkennung und Nachfolgesicherung im 5. und 6. Jahrhundert am Beispiel der Adoptio per arma | A Byzantine Commonwealth, 476–553 | Die Vandalen. Skythen, Goten oder Römer? Anmerkungen und Überlegungen zum vandalischen Königstitel rex Vandalorum et Alanorum. | Kingdoms of the Empire, AD 608–616 Mediterrane Konnektivität, Synchronität und Kausalität als analytisches und darstellerisches Problem der Frühmittelalterforschung | Anmerkungen zu Aussagekraft paariger Schulterfibeln im östlichen Barbaricum (4. bis 7. Jahrhundert) | Wer sind eigentlich die Barbaren in den Barbarenreichen? Zu Kontinuität und Wandel des Barbarenkonzepts in der fränkischen Historiographie | Die Franken und ihre Geschichten | Ancient History at Carolingian Tours | Staging integration in Bavaria, 791–793 | Drei Aspekte räumlicher Ordnungsvorstellungen in Bayern um 800 | Karl der Große und seine Vision – Archäologische und historische Schlaglichter | Charlemagne in the margin: a new testimony to his reputation from a Carolingian schoolroom | Wissenschaft und Zeitdiagnose. Zur Transformation antiken Wissens in Walahfrid Strabos Vademecum | Romanische, langobardische, transalpine und hybride Personennamen im regnum Italiae des 9.Jahrhunderts. Onomastische und historische Reflexionen zu oberitalienischen Namenbeständen. | Sprache als Quelle historischer Forschung. Überlegungen zur Aneignung des Raumes in der slavischen Frühgeschichte | Als die Kirche Slawisch zu sprechen begann. Zu den Hintergründen der Christianisierung in Karantanien und Pannonien | Die Umgestaltung der karolingischen Welt | Nach 887/888: Herrscherbilder und Herrschaftskonzeptionen in der sogenannten Collectio Sangallensis | Die Salbung bei den ostfränkischen Königen. Ein Versuch | Zur Verortbarkeit der Herrschersalbung im Referenzrahmen ,Erstes Testament‘. Ein Diskussionsbeitrag | ANHANG

Wien ist heute ein Knotenpunkt der internationalen Frühmittelalterforschung, wo auf quellennahe Weise über Identitäten und die Entwicklung von Völkern, über die Umwandlung der römischen Welt oder über das karolingerzeitliche Mitteleuropa gearbeitet wird. Der Aufbau dieser Forschungsrichtung ist vor allem Herwig Wolfram zu verdanken, der als Ordinarius für mittelalterliche Geschichte und historische Hilfswissenschaften an der Universität Wien in der Behandlung dieser Themen neue Ansätze entwickelt und neue Wege der Frühmittelalterforschung beschritten hat.

Die Beiträge dieses Bandes drehen sich um Fragestellungen, die in der Wiener Frühmittelalterforschung seit Herwig Wolfram im Zentrum des Interesses stehen und international rezipiert und weiterentwickelt wurden. Oft hat sich der Horizont erweitert: von der Ethnogenese zur Identitätsforschung; vom karolingerzeitlichen Salzburg und Bayern zu einer breiteren Untersuchung der Karolingerzeit und ihrer Transformation; oder von der Diplomatik zu einer breiten sozialgeschichtlichen Einbettung der Urkundenforschung. In diesem Band reflektieren Vertreterinnen und Vertreter der Wiener Frühmittelalterforschung gemeinsam mit angesehenen Gästen über den Forschungsstand und die Zukunftsperspektiven. Dabei werden auch benachbarte Wissenschaften wie die Philologie, die Archäologie und die Kunstgeschichte einbezogen und unterstreichen die Dynamik der interdisziplinären Frühmittelalterforschung. Insgesamt bietet der Band einen Überblick über zentrale Fragen der Grundlegung des mittelalterlichen Europas zwischen 400 und 1000, die hier vor allem aus der Sicht einer grenzüberschreitenden Geschichte Mitteleuropas thematisiert werden. Vienna today is an intersection of international early medieval research, where source-led approaches to identities and the formation of ethnic groups, the transformation of the Roman world, and central Europe in the Carolingian period are pursued. Herwig Wolfram is to be thanked especially for the establishment of this research direction, who as Professor for Medieval History and the Historical Auxiliary Sciences at the University of Vienna developed new approaches in the treatment of these subjects and pioneered new routes in early medieval studies.

The contributions in this volume revolve around issues which, following Herwig Wolfram, have stood at the centre of the interests of early medieval research in Vienna, and have been received and further developed at an international scale. These horizons have frequently been widened: from ethnogenesis to identity research, from Carolingian Salzburg and Bavaria to a broadening investigation of the Carolingian period and its transformation, or from diplomatics to a wider social history embedded in documentary research. In this volume, contributors from the Viennese early medieval research community together with distinguished guests reflect over the current state of research and future directions. In so doing, neighbouring disciplines such as Philology, Archaeology and Art History become incorporated and emphasise the dynamics of interdisciplinary early medieval studies. Altogether, this volume offers an overview of the central questions of the foundations of medieval Europe between 400 and 1000, which are addressed here especially within the framework of a transboundary history of Central Europe.

Bilanz und Perspektiven

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Neue Wege der Frühmittelalterforschung

Verging on the polemical. Towards an interdisciplinary approach to medieval religious polemic | Anti-Jewish Polemics in Business Documents from Late Medieval Austria | Good and bad friars: polemical patterns and strategies between Franciscans in the early fourteenth century | Obediencia, reformatio and veritas: Ecclesiological Debates during the Western Great Schism (1378-1417) | Polemics investigated in a late fifteenth-century Fastnachtspiel (Shrovetide play) | The Text as Heretic: Mixed Genres and Polemical Techniques in a Refutation of the Mirror of Simple Souls | Transfers of anti-Waldensian material from a polemical treatise to a didactic text | Magistra magistrorum: Hildegard of Bingen as a Polemicist against False Teaching

MEDIEVAL WORLDS provides a new forum for interdisciplinary and transcultural studies of the Middle Ages. Specifically it encourages and links comparative research between different regions and fields and promotes methodological innovation in transdisciplinary studies. Focusing on the Middle Ages (c. 400-1500 CE, but can be extended whenever thematically fruitful or appropriate), MEDIEVAL WORLDS takes a global approach to studying history in a comparative setting.

MEDIEVAL WORLDS is open to regular submissions on comparative topics, but also offers the possibility to propose or advertise subjects that lend themselves to comparison. With a view to connecting people working on related topics in different academic environments, we publish calls for matching articles and for contributions on particular issues.



Table of Contents



- Sita Steckel: Verging on the polemical. Towards an interdisciplinary approach to medieval religious polemic



- Birgit Wiedl: Anti-Jewish Polemics in Business Documents from Late Medieval Austria 



- Melanie Brunner: Good and bad friars: polemical patterns and strategies between Franciscans in the early fourteenth century 



- Bénédicte Sère: Obediencia, reformatio and veritas: Ecclesiological Debates during the Western Great Schism (1378-1417) 



- Claudia Daiber: Polemics investigated in a late fifteenth-century Fastnachtspiel (Shrovetide play) 



- Justine L. Trombley: The Text as Heretic: Mixed Genres and Polemical Techniques in a Refutation of the Mirror of Simple Souls 



- Reima Välimäki: Transfers of anti-Waldensian material from a polemical treatise to a didactic text 



- Andra Alexiu: Magistra magistrorum: Hildegard of Bingen as a Polemicist against False Teaching 

Verging on the Polemical: Exploring the Boundaries of Medieval Religious Polemic across Genres and Research Cultures

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medieval worlds ‒ comparative and interdisciplinary studies, No. 7/2018

medieval worlds ‒ comparative and interdisciplinary studies, No. 7/2018 2018 7 7 

Religious Exemption in Pre-Modern Eurasia, c. 300 – 1300 CE: Introduction | Treasures in Heaven: Defining the Eurasian Old Regime? | Envisioning a No-Man’s Land: Hermitage as a Site of Exemption in Ancient and Early Medieval Indian Literature | Evolving Relationship between the Buddhist Monastic Order and the Imperial States of Medieval China | The Normative Character of Monastic Exemption in the Early Medieval Latin West | Clerical Exemption in Canon Law from Gratian to the Decretals | Nothing to Declare: Status, Power and Religious Aspiration in the Policies of Taxation in Ancient India | Exemption Not Granted: The Confrontation between Buddhism and the Chinese State in Late Antiquity and the ›First Great Divergence‹ Between China and Western Eurasia | The Political Significance of Gifts of Power in the Khmer and Mercian Kingdoms 793-926 | Conversion, Exemption, and Manipulation: Social Benefits and Conversion to Islam in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages | Religious Exemption, Justice, and Territories around the Year 1000: The Forgeries of Worms | The Exemption that Proves the Rule: Autonomy and Authority between Alcuin, Theodulf and Charlemagne (802) | From Symbiosis to Separate Spheres? England, 1163 | Religious Exemption and Global History before 1300 – Closing Comments

MEDIEVAL WORLDS provides a new forum for interdisciplinary and transcultural studies of the Middle Ages. Specifically it encourages and links comparative research between different regions and fields and promotes methodological innovation in transdisciplinary studies. Focusing on the Middle Ages (c. 400-1500 CE, but can be extended whenever thematically fruitful or appropriate), MEDIEVAL WORLDS takes a global approach to studying history in a comparative setting.

MEDIEVAL WORLDS is open to regular submissions on comparative topics, but also offers the possibility to propose or advertise subjects that lend themselves to comparison. With a view to connecting people working on related topics in different academic environments, we publish calls for matching articles and for contributions on particular issues.



Table of Contents



- Charles West: Religious Exemption in Pre-Modern Eurasia, c. 300 – 1300 CE: Introduction



- R.I. Moore: Treasures in Heaven: Defining the Eurasian Old Regime? 



- Kanad Sinha: Envisioning a No-Man’s Land: Hermitage as a Site of Exemption in Ancient and Early Medieval Indian Literature 



- Mario Poceski: Evolving Relationship between the Buddhist Monastic Order and the Imperial States of Medieval China



- Kriston R. Rennie: The Normative Character of Monastic Exemption in the Early Medieval Latin West 



- Anne J. Duggan: Clerical Exemption in Canon Law from Gratian to the Decretals 



- Ulrich Pagel: Nothing to Declare: Status, Power and Religious Aspiration in the Policies of Taxation in Ancient India



- Antonello Palumbo: Exemption Not Granted: The Confrontation between Buddhism and the Chinese State in Late Antiquity and the ›First Great Divergence‹ Between China and Western Eurasia



- Dominic Goodall - Andrew Wareham: The Political Significance of Gifts of Power in the Khmer and Mercian Kingdoms 793-926



- Uriel Simonsohn: Conversion, Exemption, and Manipulation: Social Benefits and Conversion to Islam in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages



- Thomas Kohl: Religious Exemption, Justice, and Territories around the Year 1000: The Forgeries of Worms



- Rutger Kramer: The Exemption that Proves the Rule: Autonomy and Authority between Alcuin, Theodulf and Charlemagne (802) 



- Judith A. Green: From Symbiosis to Separate Spheres? England, 1163 



- Julia McClure: Religious Exemption and Global History before 1300 – Closing Comments  

Religious Exemption in Pre-Modern Eurasia, c. 300-1300 CE

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medieval worlds ‒ comparative and interdisciplinary studies, No. 6/2017

medieval worlds ‒ comparative and interdisciplinary studies, No. 6/2017 2017 6 6 

Introduction | The Sudden Success of Prose – a Comparative View of Greek, Latin, Old French and Old Norse | Could Isidore’s Chronicle Have Delighted Cicero? A Response | Revisiting Pre-Modern Ethnicity and Nationhood: Preface | »Becoming English«: Nationality, Terminology, and Changing Sides in the Late Middle Ages | Reinventing Roman Ethnicity in High and Late Medieval Byzantium | The Characteristics of Bodies and Ethnicity c. 900-1200 | Rethinking Ethnicity and ›Otherness‹ in Early Anglo-Saxon England | Church, Apostle and People in Early Ireland | Digitising Patterns of Power (DPP): Applying Digital Tools in the Analysis of Political and Social Transformations in the Historical Region of Macedonia (12th–14th Centuries) | The Bible in Historical Perception and Writing of the Transcultural Iberian Societies, Eighth to Twelfth Centuries

MEDIEVAL WORLDS provides a new forum for interdisciplinary and transcultural studies of the Middle Ages. Specifically it encourages and links comparative research between different regions and fields and promotes methodological innovation in transdisciplinary studies. Focusing on the Middle Ages (c. 400-1500 CE, but can be extended whenever thematically fruitful or appropriate), MEDIEVAL WORLDS takes a global approach to studying history in a comparative setting.

MEDIEVAL WORLDS is open to regular submissions on comparative topics, but also offers the possibility to propose or advertise subjects that lend themselves to comparison. With a view to connecting people working on related topics in different academic environments, we publish calls for matching articles and for contributions on particular issues.



Table of Contents



- Walter Pohl: Introduction



- Lars Boje Mortensen: The Sudden Success of Prose – a Comparative View of Greek, Latin, Old French and Old Norse



- Richard W. Burgess - Michael Kulikowski: Could Isidore’s Chronicle Have Delighted Cicero? A Response



- Ilya Afanasyev - Nicholas S. M. Matheou: Revisiting Pre-Modern Ethnicity and Nationhood: Preface



- Andrea Ruddick: »Becoming English«: Nationality, Terminology, and Changing Sides in the Late Middle Ages



- Yannis Stouraitis: Reinventing Roman Ethnicity in High and Late Medieval Byzantium



- Claire Weeda: The Characteristics of Bodies and Ethnicity c. 900-1200



- James M. Harland: Rethinking Ethnicity and ›Otherness‹ in Early Anglo-Saxon England 



- Patrick Wadden: Church, Apostle and People in Early Ireland 



- Mihailo St. Popović - Veronika Polloczek: Digitising Patterns of Power (DPP): Applying Digital Tools in the Analysis of Political and Social Transformations in the Historical Region of Macedonia (12th–14th Centuries) 



- Matthias Tischler - Patrick Marschner: The Bible in Historical Perception and Writing of the Transcultural Iberian Societies, Eighth to Twelfth Centuries 

Comparative Studies on Medieval Europe

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medieval worlds ‒ comparative and interdisciplinary studies, No. 5/2017

medieval worlds ‒ comparative and interdisciplinary studies, No. 5/2017 2017 5 5 

Der Walchen-Name im frühmittelalterlichen Slavischen | Die Romanen im frühmittelalterlichen bayerisch-österreichischen Raum aus namenkundlicher und sprachwissenschaftlicher Sicht | Die frühmittelalterliche Romania im Donau- und Ostalpenraum | Rumänien: Das Werden eines Staatsnamens | Benennungen von Romanen und Kelten (und ihrer Sprache) im frühmittelalterlichen England | Romanen und ihre (Fremd-)Bezeichnungen im Mittelalter: Der Schweizer Raum und das angrenzende alemannische Gebiet | Vlachen in der historischen Landschaft Mazedonien im Spätmittelalter und in der Frühen Neuzeit | Das Rottachgau-Fragment im Licht der Ortsnamenkunde | Ladinisch | Romanen, Rumänen und Vlachen aus philologischer Sicht | Walchen, Römer und ‚Romanen‘ – Einleitung | ANHANG: Abb.-, Abk.-,Quellen-,Literaturverzeichnis, Ortsnamen-,Personenregister | Kontinuität und Ansiedlung von Romanen am Ostrand der alten Gallia und östlich des Rheins: Sprachliche Indikatoren (500–900) | Über Romanen, Räter und Walchen im frühmittelalterlichen Churrätien

Vlachen oder Waliser, Wallonen oder Włoski, Rumänen, Romantsch, Aromunier oder Ladiner – all das sind im heutigen Europa verwendete Volksnamen. Sie gehen auf mittelalterliche Bezeichnungen für romanische Volksgruppen zurück. Viele davon sind vom altgermanischen Wort *walhoz abgeleitet, das ursprünglich westliche (keltische), insbesondere aber südliche (römische) Nachbarn der Germanen bezeichnete. In vielen (vor allem slawischen) Sprachen ist das Wort heute als Name für die Italiener im Gebrauch. In manchen Fällen wurde es zur Selbstbezeichnung. Für das Schicksal der Bewohner römischer Provinzen nach dem Zerfall des Römischen Reiches in teils quellenarmer Zeit bieten Überlieferung und Gebrauch dieser Namen wesentliche Anhaltspunkte. 

Entwicklung und Bedeutung dieser Namen sind noch nie eingehend und vergleichend im europäischen Zusammenhang untersucht worden. Der vorliegende Band versammelt erstmals aus interdisziplinärer Sicht und in einem weiten Rahmen wesentliche philologische und historische Befunde von den Britischen Inseln über die germanisch-romanische Kontaktzone am Rhein und im Alpenraum bis zum Balkan. Führende Historiker und Vertreter der Namenforschung fassen den Forschungsstand zusammen und bringen teils neue Erkenntnisse. Eine Leitfrage dabei ist das Verhältnis zwischen Fremdwahrnehmungen und Selbstzuordnung von ‚Romanen‘ in verschiedenen Teilen Europas. Wo und für wen wurde der Walchenname in seinen verschiedenen Ausprägungen verwendet, und welche alternativen (Fremd-/Selbst-)Bezeichnungen gab es? Was sagen uns die jeweiligen Befunde über die Entwicklung römischer Identitäten nach dem Zerfall Roms, und wie können sie in ein breiteres Panorama der Identitätsentwicklung in den betreffenden Räumen eingeordnet werden? Der Band ist ein Ergebnis des ERC Advanced Grants „Social Cohesion, Identity and Religion in Europe, 400–1200 (SCIRE)“. 

Variationen einer nachrömischen Gruppenbezeichung zwischen Britannien und dem Balkan

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Walchen, Romani und Latini

Editor’s Introduction | Why Archaeologists, Historians and Geneticists Should Work Together – and How | New Questions Instead of Old Answers: Archaeological Expectations of aDNA Analysis | Archaeological Research on Migration as a Multidisciplinary Challenge | Mapping European Population Movement through Genomic Research | Genetizing Bantu: Historical Insight or Historical Trilemma? | With víkingr into the Identity Trap: When Historiographical Actors Get a Life of Their Own | Genetic History and Identity: The Case of Turkey

MEDIEVAL WORLDS provides a new forum for interdisciplinary and transcultural studies of the Middle Ages. Specifically it encourages and links comparative research between different regions and fields and promotes methodological innovation in transdisciplinary studies. Focusing on the Middle Ages (c. 400-1500 CE, but can be extended whenever thematically fruitful or appropriate), MEDIEVAL WORLDS takes a global approach to studying history in a comparative setting.

MEDIEVAL WORLDS is open to regular submissions on comparative topics, but also offers the possibility to propose or advertise subjects that lend themselves to comparison. With a view to connecting people working on related topics in different academic environments, we publish calls for matching articles and for contributions on particular issues.



Table of Contents



- Walter Pohl: Editor’s Introduction



- Stefanie Samida - Jörg Feuchter: Why Archaeologists, Historians and Geneticists Should Work Together – and How



- Sebastian Brather: New Questions Instead of Old Answers: Archaeological Expectations of aDNA Analysis



- Stefan Burmeister: Archaeological Research on Migration as a Multidisciplinary Challenge



- Patrick Geary - Krishna Veeramah: Mapping European Population Movement through Genomic Research



- Manfred K. H. Eggert: Genetizing Bantu: Historical Insight or Historical Trilemma?



- Kerstin P. Hofmann: With víkingr into the Identity Trap: When Historiographical Actors Get a Life of Their Own



- Celine Wawruschka: Genetic History and Identity: The Case of Turkey 

The Genetic Challenge to Medieval History and Archaeology

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medieval worlds ‒ comparative and interdisciplinary studies, No. 4/2016

medieval worlds ‒ comparative and interdisciplinary studies, No. 4/2016 2016 4 4 

Editor’s Preface | Charlemagne’s ›Jihād‹ Revisited: Debating the Islamic Contribution to an Epochal Change in the History of Christianization | Venerating St. Michael the Archangel in the Holy Roman Empire and in Bulgaria, Tenth–Eleventh Centuries: Similarities, Differences, Transformations | Could Isidore’s Chronicle Have Delighted Cicero? Using the Concept of Genre to Compare Ancient and Medieval Chronicles | Acculturation and Elimination: Europe’s Interaction with the Other (Fourteenth–Sixteenth Century) | A Chosen Missionary People? Willibrord, Boniface, and the Election of the Angli | Heroic History, Disruptive Genealogy: al-Ḥasan al-Hamdānī and the Historical Formation of the Shākir Tribe (Wāʿilah and Dahm) in al-Jawf, Yemen | The Political Agency of Kurds as an Ethnic Group in Late Medieval South Arabia | Making Ends Meet. Cross-Cultural Perspectives on the End of Times in Medieval Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism

MEDIEVAL WORLDS provides a new forum for interdisciplinary and transcultural studies of the Middle Ages. Specifically it encourages and links comparative research between different regions and fields and promotes methodological innovation in transdisciplinary studies. Focusing on the Middle Ages (c. 400-1500 CE, but can be extended whenever thematically fruitful or appropriate), MEDIEVAL WORLDS takes a global approach to studying history in a comparative setting.

MEDIEVAL WORLDS is open to regular submissions on comparative topics, but also offers the possibility to propose or advertise subjects that lend themselves to comparison. With a view to connecting people working on related topics in different academic environments, we publish calls for matching articles and for contributions on particular issues.



Table of Contents



- Walter Pohl: Editor’s Preface



- Daniel G. König: Charlemagne’s ›Jihād‹ Revisited: Debating the Islamic Contribution to an Epochal Change in the History of Christianization



- Tsvetelin Stepanov: Venerating St. Michael the Archangel in the Holy Roman Empire and in Bulgaria, Tenth–Eleventh Centuries: Similarities, Differences, Transformations



- Jesse W. Torgerson: Could Isidore’s Chronicle Have Delighted Cicero? Using the Concept of Genre to Compare Ancient and Medieval Chronicles



- Thomas Ertl - Markus Mayer: Acculturation and Elimination: Europe’s Interaction with the Other (Fourteenth–Sixteenth Century)



- Miriam Adan Jones: A Chosen Missionary People? Willibrord, Boniface, and the Election of the Angli



- Marieke Brandt: Heroic History, Disruptive Genealogy: al-Ḥasan al-Hamdānī and the Historical Formation of the Shākir Tribe (Wāʿilah and Dahm) in al-Jawf, Yemen



- Daniel Mahoney: The Political Agency of Kurds as an Ethnic Group in Late Medieval South Arabia



- Anna Frauscher - Jelle Wassenaar - Veronika Wieser: Making Ends Meet. Cross-Cultural Perspectives on the End of Times in Medieval Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism 

Open Issue

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medieval worlds ‒ comparative and interdisciplinary studies, No. 3/2016

medieval worlds ‒ comparative and interdisciplinary studies, No. 3/2016 2016 3 3 

Editor’s Introduction: Empires – Elements of Cohesion and Signs of Decay | The Empire that was always Decaying: The Carolingians (800-888) | Cross-Channel Marriage and Royal Succession in the Age of Charles the Simple and Athelstan (c. 916-936) | ›Great Men‹, ›Decline‹ and Empire: Safavid Studies and a Way Forward? | Dynasties | Nations, Tribes, Peoples, and States | Lieux Saints Partagés: An Analytical Review | Calculating the Middle Ages? The Project »Complexities and Networks in the Medieval Mediterranean and Near East« (COMMED)

MEDIEVAL WORLDS provides a new forum for interdisciplinary and transcultural studies of the Middle Ages. Specifically it encourages and links comparative research between different regions and fields and promotes methodological innovation in transdisciplinary studies. Focusing on the Middle Ages (c. 400-1500 CE, but can be extended whenever thematically fruitful or appropriate), MEDIEVAL WORLDS takes a global approach to studying history in a comparative setting.

MEDIEVAL WORLDS is open to regular submissions on comparative topics, but also offers the possibility to propose or advertise subjects that lend themselves to comparison. With a view to connecting people working on related topics in different academic environments, we publish calls for matching articles and for contributions on particular issues.



Table of Contents



- Walter Pohl: Editor’s Introduction: Empires – Elements of Cohesion and Signs of Decay



- Mayke de Jong: The Empire that was always Decaying: The Carolingians (800-888)



- Simon MacLean: Cross-Channel Marriage and Royal Succession in the Age of Charles the Simple and Athelstan (c. 916-936)



- Andrew J. Newman: ›Great Men‹, ›Decline‹ and Empire: Safavid Studies and a Way Forward?



- Jeroen Duindam: Dynasties



- Susan Reynolds: Nations, Tribes, Peoples, and States



- Glenn Bowman: Lieux Saints Partagés: An Analytical Review



- Johannes Preiser-Kapeller: Calculating the Middle Ages? The Project »Complexities and Networks in the Medieval Mediterranean and Near East« (COMMED) 

Empires: Elements of Cohesion and Signs of Decay

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medieval worlds ‒ comparative and interdisciplinary studies, No. 2/2015

medieval worlds ‒ comparative and interdisciplinary studies, No. 2/2015 2015 2 2 

Medieval Worlds: Introduction to the First Issue | The Discourse of Herrschaft as the Practice of Herrschaft in the Fifth Century | The First Great Divergence? | Comparing and Connecting: the Rise of Fast Historiography in Latin and Vernacular (Twelfth to Thirteenth Century) | Historical Anthropology: A View from »South China« | Universal Chronicles in the Early Medieval West | Universal Chronicles in Arabic before c. 900 | »I Spy with my Little Eye«: GIS and Archaeological Perspectives on Eleventh Century Song Envoy Routes in the Liao Empire (Kitan-Liao Archaeological Survey and History KLASH) | Foundations »For the Salvation of the Soul« – an Exception in World History? (Foundations of Medieval Societies FOUNDMED) | Defining the Global Middle Ages (AHRC Research Network) | Why Did Islamic Medieval Institutions Become So Different from Western Medieval Institutions? (Power and Institutions in Medieval Islam and Christendom PIMIC) | Visions of Community (VISCOM): Comparative Approaches to Ethnicity, Region and Empire in Christianity, Islam and Buddhism (400-1600 CE) | The Legal Status of Religious Minorities in the Euro-Mediterranean World (RELMIN)

MEDIEVAL WORLDS provides a new forum for interdisciplinary and transcultural studies of the Middle Ages. Specifically it encourages and links comparative research between different regions and fields and promotes methodological innovation in transdisciplinary studies. Focusing on the Middle Ages (c. 400-1500 CE, but can be extended whenever thematically fruitful or appropriate), MEDIEVAL WORLDS takes a global approach to studying history in a comparative setting.

MEDIEVAL WORLDS is open to regular submissions on comparative topics, but also offers the possibility to propose or advertise subjects that lend themselves to comparison. With a view to connecting people working on related topics in different academic environments, we publish calls for matching articles and for contributions on particular issues.



Table of Contents



- Walter Pohl - Andre Gingrich: Medieval Worlds: Introduction to the First Issue



- Patrick Geary: The Discourse of Herrschaft as the Practice of Herrschaft in the Fifth Century



- Robert Moore: The First Great Divergence?



- Lars Boje Mortensen: Comparing and Connecting: the Rise of Fast Historiography in Latin and Vernacular (Twelfth to Thirteenth Century)



- Helen Siu: Historical Anthropology: A View from 'South China'



- Ian Wood: Universal Chronicles in the Early Medieval West



- Ann Christys: Universal Chronicles in Arabic before c. 900



- Gwen Bennet : 'I Spy with my Little Eye': GIS and Archaeological Perspectives on Eleventh Century Song Envoy Routes in the Liao Empire (Kitan-Liao Archaeological Survey and History KLASH)



- Michael Borgolte: Foundations 'For the Salvation of the Soul' – an Exception in World History? (Foundations of Medieval Societies FOUNDMED)



- Catherine Holmes - Naomi Standen: Defining the Global Middle Ages (AHRC Research Network)



- Eduardo Manzano: Why Did Islamic Medieval Institutions Become So Different from Western Medieval Institutions? (Power and Institutions in Medieval Islam and Christendom PIMIC)



- Walter Pohl - Andre Gingrich: Visions of Community (VISCOM): Comparative Approaches to Ethnicity, Region and Empire in Christianity, Islam and Buddhism (400-1600 CE)



- John Tolan: The Legal Status of Religious Minorities in the Euro-Mediterranean World (RELMIN) 

Approaches to Comparison im Medieval Studies

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medieval worlds ‒ comparative and interdisciplinary studies, No. 1/2015

medieval worlds ‒ comparative and interdisciplinary studies, No. 1/2015 2015 1 1 

Sprache und Identität: Einleitung | Differenz und Identität – Sprache als Instrument der Kommunikation und der Gruppenbildung im frühen Mittelalter | Sprache und Identität im Frühmittelalter mit Grenzüberschreitungen | Lingua. Indizien und Grenzen einer Identität durch Sprache im frühen Mittelalter | Huz, Huz: Did the Devil Speak German? | Ethnicity and Language in medieval and modern versions of the Attalus-saga | Wer waren die Langobarden im Edictus Rothari? | Linguistic and Ethnic Identities in the Iberian Peninsula (400–1000 A.D.) | Acrolecte et identité culturelle en Francia carolingienne (VIII-IX) s. | Die Zwangsjacke des lateinischen Alphabets | Die Bedeutung der Sprache in Bedas Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum | ‚Hisperische Wörter‘: die Etablierung einer Gelehrtengesellschaft im Frühmittelalter | Mittelalterliche und frühneuzeitliche Theorien zur Ausgliederung der Kelten und ihrer Sprachen auf den Britischen Inseln nebst einem Ausblick in die Neue Welt | Die Sprache und die Namen der frühen Alemannen als Indizien eines Alemannischen Gemeinschaftsbewusstseins | Slowenisch, Alpenslawisch oder Slawisch zwischen Donau und Adria im Frühmittelalter | Tam Teutisci quam et Langobardi: Sprache und Identität im frühmittelalterlichen Alpenraum am Beispiel von Trient | Freunde, Feinde, Fremde – Terminologie und Typologie in der Vita Severini | Wie aus Barbaren Römer gemacht werden – das Beispiel Theoderich. Zur politischen Funktion der lateinischen Hochsprache bei Ennodius und Cassiodor | Etnonimi e senso di identità nella ‘Storia dei Normanni’ di Amato di Montecassino: alcune osservazioni | Sprache und Identität – Text und Interpretation: Ambivalenzen narrativer Identitätskonstruktion in der frühmittelhochdeutschen Geschichtsdichtung | Zur Frage der germanischen Identität und Sprache | Abkürzungsverzeichnis | Quellenverzeichnis | Literaturverzeichnis

Dass jedes Volk seine Sprache hat, scheint aus dem Blickwinkel unserer Kultur zunächst selbstverständlich. Seit der Antike gilt Sprache als ein, ja zuweilen als das Definitionsmerkmal des Volkes. Der moderne Nationalismus ging noch weiter und hat in der Sprache den Ausdruck der innersten ‚Seele‘ eines Volkes gesehen; oft wurde davon ein politischer Auftrag abgeleitet. 

Gerade die Geschichte des Frühmittelalters gibt gute Voraussetzungen, das Verhältnis zwischen Sprache und ethnischer Identität über lange Dauer hinweg zu verfolgen. In der Epoche zwischen etwa 400 und 1000 werden in Europa sowohl eine Vielzahl neuer Völker und Staaten als auch zahlreiche neue Sprachen greifbar. 

Doch wie sollen ,Völker‘ und ‚Sprachen‘ methodisch abgegrenzt werden? Was macht eine ethnische Gruppe zu einem eigenen Volk, und wodurch wird ein Dialekt innerhalb eines Sprachkontinuums zu einer distinkten Sprache? Wann wird etwa aus dem Lateinischen das Altfranzösische? Sind sprachliche Gemeinsamkeiten bzw. Unterschiede markant genug gewesen, um Distanz- wie Zusammengehörigkeitsbewusstsein zu begründen? Muss eine identitätswirksame Sprache zugleich die Umgangssprache sein? Welche Auswirkungen hatte Mehrsprachigkeit auf das Identitätsbewußtsein? 

Diesen und ähnlichen Fragestellungen gingen HistorikerInnen und PhilologInnen im Rahmen der internationalen Tagung ,Sprache und Identität‘ 2009 in Wien nach. Für das Frühmittelalter wurden sie bisher noch nie in derart breitem Vergleich erörtert. Deshalb bietet der vorliegende Tagungsband, der im Rahmen des Wittgenstein-Preis-Projektes „Ethnische Identitäten im frühmittelalterlichen Europa“ entstanden ist, einen einzigartigen Überblick; seine Ergebnisse sind weit über die behandelte Epoche hinaus von Interesse. That every people has its language seems, from the perspective of our culture, self evident. Since Antiquity language is seen as one, and sometimes as the defining characteristic of a people. Modern nationalism went even further and saw in language an expression of the innermost soul of a people; often deriving a political order from this. The history of the early Middle Ages provides an ideal forum in which to pursue the relationship between language and ethnic identity over a long period of time. In the period between about 400 and 1000 in Europe a number of new nations and states as well as many new languages took shape/ developed. But how should 'people' and 'languages' be methodically delineated? What makes an ethnic group its own people, and how does a dialect within a linguistic continuum develop into a distinct language? When for instance did Latin become Old French? Were linguistic similarities and differences striking enough to justify distance as unity consciousness? Must an identity be effective at the same time as the vernacular language? What impact had multilingualism on the sense of identity? These and similar questions were posed by historians and philologists at the international conference, “Language and Identity” in Vienna in 2009. For the early Middle Ages they were so far never discussed in such a broad comparison. That's why the present proceedings, which was created as part of the Wittgenstein Prize-project "Ethnic Identities in Early Medieval Europe", is a unique survey; its results are of interest far beyond the period dealt with. 

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Sprache und Identität im frühen Mittelalter

Archaeolgoy of Identity - Archäolgie der Identität

Die Langobarden in Mähren und im nördlichen Niederösterreich – ein Diskussionsbeitrag | The treasure of Theodelinda: ideological claims and political contingencies in the construction of a myth | Before the Poles: problems of ethnic identifi cation in Polish archaeology of the Early Middle Ages | Bestattungen und Identitäten – Gruppierungen innerhalb frühmittelalterlicher Gesellschaften | Anthropology and ancestry in nineteenth-century France: craniometric profi les of Merovingian-period populations | The valorous Barbarian, the migrating Slav and the indigenous peoples of the mountains. Archeological research and the changing faces of Italian identity in the 20th century | Archaeology of identity: introduction | Forging an early medieval royal couple: Agilulf, Theodelinda and the ‘Lombard Treasure’ (1888–1932) | A contribution to research on ethnicity: a view from and on the east | Gotisch, barbarisch oder römisch? Methodologische Überlegungen zur ethnischen Interpretation von Kleidung | Frühmittelalterliche Bestattungen als Projektionen kontextueller Identitäten | Quellen- und Literaturverzeichnis | Am Anfang war das Volk? Die Entstehung der bajuwarischen Identität als archäologisches und interdisziplinäres Problem | Ethnische Gruppen im Awarenreich

Können archäologische Funde und Befunde über vergangene Identitäten Auskunft geben? In dem Band wird ein Kernproblem der historischen Interpretation materieller Überreste thematisiert. Wie und unter welchen Bedingungen erlauben Grabungsergebnisse Rückschlüsse auf vergangene Zugehörigkeiten? Ist „Archäologie der Identität“ in diesem Sinn überhaupt möglich und welche methodischen Anforderungen stellt sie? Diese Fragen knüpfen an die aktuellen Debatten um die ethnische Interpretation in der Archäologie an, versucht sie aber in einen etwas anderen Zusammenhang zu stellen. Erstens geht es zwar vorrangig aber nicht ausschließlich um ethnische Identitäten; auch soziale, religiöse, kulturelle und Geschlechter-Identitäten sind im Blick. Zweitens wird bewusst die Auseinandersetzung zwischen archäologisch interessierten Historikern und historisch interpretierenden Archäologen gesucht. Dabei kann drittens die Rolle von Texten und Überresten vergleichend diskutiert werden. Wenn wir frühmittelalterliche Texte nicht als einfache Widerspiegelung vergangener Verhältnisse verstehen, sondern als Spuren der ständigen Bemühung um Selbstverortung und Gemeinschaftsbildung: Für welche Typen von Funden oder Befunden könnte Ähnliches gelten? Diese grundsätzlichen Fragen historischer und archäologischer Methodik und Erkenntnishorizonte sind die Erforschung des frühen Mittelalters und der Transformation der römischen Welt von besonderer Relevanz. So sind aus dieser Zeit schriftliche Quellen nicht nur in deutlich geringerem Ausmaß erhalten als in den Zeiten davor und danach und stellen in manchen Fällen sogar archäologische Funde die einzigen Quellen vergangenen Geschehens dar. Ebenso entwickelte sich in Europa in genau dieser Zeit die politische Gliederung in eine Welt von Völkern und stellt sich die Frage, ob sich auch dieser Prozess in archäologischen Quellen untersuchen lässt. Can archaeological finds and findings provide information on identities from the past? This volume discusses a central problem for the historical interpretation of material remains: to what extent and under what conditions do the results of excavations allow us to draw conclusions about past ownership? Is the archaeology of identity in this sense even possible, and what methodological requirements does it impose? These questions tie in with the current debates on the ethnic interpretation of archeology, but attempt to move them to a slightly different context. Firstly, this work deals mainly but not exclusively with ethnic identity, and social, religious, cultural and gender identity are also examined. Secondly, the authors deliberately look at the conflict between historians with an interest in archaeology and archaeologists interpreting history. In the third place, this enables the authors to discuss the comparative roles of text and material remains. 

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Archaeology of Identity ‒ Archäologie der Identität

Vorwort | Das römische Königtum der Germanen. Ein Überblick | The governing class of the Gibichung and early Merovingian kingdoms | Der langobardische Staat | The Visigoths in Spain: old and new historical problems | Die internationale Forschung zur Staatlichkeit in der Karolingerzeit | Karolingische politische Ordnung als Funktion sozialer Kategorien | Italien in der Karolingerzeit | The Anglo-Saxon kingdoms 600–900 and the beginnings of the Old English state | Strukturen früher Staatlichkeit. West- und Ostfrankenreich im Vergleich (9./10. Jahrhundert) | West Francia and Wessex in the ninth century compared | Die internationale Forschung zur Staatlichkeit der Ottonenzeit | Staatlichkeit im Reich der Ottonen – ein Versuch | Early state formation in Scandinavia | States and non-states in the Celtic world | Strukturen früher slawischer Staaten | Dynastie, Thronfolge und Staatsverständnis im Frankenreich | Laien als Amtsträger: über die Grafen des regnum Italiae | Timor, amicitia, odium: les liens politiques à l’époque mérovingienne | “Carrying the cares of state”: gender perspectives on Merovingian ‘Staatlichkeit’ | The state of the church: ecclesia and early medieval state formation | Bischöfe als Träger der politischen Ordnung des Frankenreichs im 8./9. Jahrhundert | Le fisc du royaume franc. Quelques jalons pour une réflexion sur l’État au haut Moyen Âge | Comparing the resources of the Merovingian and Carolingian states: problems and perspectives | Property, politics and the problem of the Carolingian state | Bemerkungen zum frühmittelalterlichen Boten- und Gesandtschaftswesen | Das Lehnswesen – Fakt oder Fiktion? | Court and communication in the early Middle Ages: the Frankish kingdom under Charlemagne | Möglichkeiten und Grenzen religiöser Herrschaftslegitimation. Zu den Dynastiewechseln 751 und 918/919 | Rituale als ordnungsstiftende Elemente | Les récits d’investiture et leur signification (du IX au XI siècle) | Coins as symbols of early medieval ‘Staatlichkeit’ | Rechtliche Grundlagen frühmittelalterlicher Staatlichkeit: der allgemeine Treueid | Regnum und gens | Zur Trennung von Reich und Herrscher in der Vorstellungswelt des 9. Jahrhunderts | Erwartungen an den ‚Staat‘: die Perspektive der Historiographie in spätkarolingischer Zeit | ‘Not rendering unto Caesar’: challenges to early medieval rulers | The limits of the late Anglo-Saxon state | Grundlagen, Grenzen und Probleme der Staatlichkeit im frühen Mittelalter. Zur Bedeutung und Funktion der Königspfalzen | Versuch einer resümierenden Bilanz | Abkürzungs-, Quellen- und Literaturverzeichnis | Register | Verzeichnis der Autorinnen und Autoren

„Staat“ im Frühmittelalter ist ein kontroverses Thema. Noch immer gibt es deutliche Unterschiede zwischen Methoden und Forschungsinteressen der verschiedenen europäischen Forschungstraditionen. Ziel dieses Bandes ist es, die nationalen Forschungstraditionen zum Thema zu überschreiten und dadurch die Debatte aus der einseitig rechtlich-institutionellen Sicht der älteren Forschung herauszulösen, um neue Gesichtspunkte aufzunehmen. Die Beiträge des Bandes zielen weniger auf die Lösung des terminologischen Problems, ob der Begriff „Staat“ für die frühmittelalterlichen Königreiche überhaupt anwendbar ist, sondern vielmehr auf die Frage, wie im damaligen Europa politische Integration gelingen konnte. Der erste Teil des Bandes enthält Studien zu verschiedenen europäischen Staaten der Zeit, von den ersten „barbarischen“ Königreichen auf römischem Boden zum Imperium der Ottonen und den frühen keltischen, slawischen und skandinavischen Reichen. Der zweite Teil beschäftigt sich in vergleichender Weise mit strukturellen Fragen, wobei jeweils mehrere Beiträge die Träger, Ressourcen, die symbolische Legitimation und die Grenzen des Staates behandeln. Die Autoren gehören zu den führenden Gelehrten ihres Faches. Insgesamt bietet der Band einen einzigartig breiten Überblick über das Thema. Er hilft zu verstehen, wie in der Interaktion von Monarchie und Aristokratie, kirchlichen und weltlichen Institutionen, Königtum und Volk überregionale Gemeinschaften enstanden, die eine Grundlage für die Entwicklung moderner Staaten in Europa boten. The early medieval state is a controversial topic. Differences remain between European research traditions as to their respective methods and interests. The aim of this volume is to transcend national historiographies in the field. By overcoming the legal and institutional bias of older research, new points of view can be reached. The contributions assembled here are less concerned with the terminological problem of whether early medieval kingdoms should be called ‘states’ or not, than how political integration was possible in early medieval Europe. The first section of the book contains studies of different European states in different periods, from the first ‘barbarian kingdoms’ on Roman territory to the Ottonian empire and the early Celtic, Slavic and Scandinavian realms.



The second part addresses a number of structural issues in a comparative manner, with several contributions dealing with actors, resources, symbolic legitimation and limits of the state respectively. The authors are among the leading scholars in their fields, and the resulting overview is unique in its thematic range. The volume is a fundamental contribution to understanding the ways in which the interaction of monarchy and aristocracy, of ecclesiastic and lay institutions, of royalty and people helped create supra-regional realms which laid a basis for the construction of modern states in Europe.

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Der frühmittelalterliche Staat ‒ Europäische Perspektiven

Der Band ist das Ergebnis der Diskussionen einer internationalen Projektgruppe zum mittelalterlichen Staat, die sich zum Ziel gesetzt hat, die teils beschränkten nationalen Forschungstraditionen zu überschreiten. Er zielt weniger auf das terminologische Problem, ob der Begriff „Staat“ überhaupt für die frühmittelalterlichen Königreiche anwendbar ist, sondern fragt danach, wie politische Integration gelingen konnte und wie in der Interaktion von Monarchie und Aristokratie, christlichen und weltlichen Institutionen, Königtum und Volk überregionale Gemeinschaften Gestalt gewannen. Die Beiträge beschäftigen sich anhand von Fallstudien sowohl mit den Vorstellungen vom Staat als auch den unterschiedlichen Wirkungsweisen „öffentlicher” Herrschaft. Sie schließen in vielem an die Bemühungen der älteren Forschung an, die in verschiedenen europäischen Ländern durchaus unterschiedlichen Ansätzen folgte, doch werden in ihnen Formen staatlichen Zusammenhalts und ein abstraktes Bewusstsein vom Gemeinwesen in einem wesentlich weiteren Rahmen betrachtet. Die Beiträge behandeln Vorstellungen von Herrschaft, die sich an das „Regnum” knüpfen, und die Durchsetzungsmöglichkeiten des Königtums (Matthias Becher, Hans-Werner Goetz, Stefanie Dick und Ian Wood), den Karolingerhof als Knotenpunkt adeliger Karrieren (Stuart Airlie), die Rolle der Gentes als Faktor politischer Integration (Walter Pohl) sowie die Ecclesia als Inbegriff des politischen Gemeinwesens (Mayke de Jong) und die Rolle der Bischöfe beim Zusammenhalt des Reiches (Steffen Patzold). Damit wird die Debatte aus falschen Alternativen (Institution oder Personenverband, Regnum oder Ecclesia, Staat oder „Herrschaft ohne Staat”) herausgeführt und kann sich daran orientieren, auf welche Weise im Frühmittelalter staatliche Integration gelingen konnte. Mit Unterstützung des Fonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung. This volume is the result of discussions held by an international group studying the medieval state, discussions that aimed at moving beyond the limitations of research traditions at the national level. Rather than dealing with the terminological question whether the term “state” should be used for early medieval kingdoms at all, the question was raised how political integration was reached and how supra-regional communities were shaped by the interaction of monarchs and aristocracy, Christian and lay institutions, as well as kingdoms and their people. The contributions offer case studies that discuss both perceptions of the state and the various ways that “public” rule worked. They take into account the varying research approaches found in Europe, but offer a much wider view of the early medieval state by considering various forms of political integration and abstract perceptions of the community.

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Staat im frühen Mittelalter

Zum Stand der Langobardenforschung | Archäologie der Langobarden in Italien: ethnische Interpretation und Stand der Forschung | Amalgamierung und Identität - Langobardische Personennamen in Mythos und Herrschaft | Zur Unterscheidung des vorlangobardischen und elbgermanischlangobardischen Nachlasses I | Zur Unterscheidung des vorlangobardischen und elbgermanischlangobardischen Nachlasses II | Zur Unterscheidung des vorlangobardischen und elbgermanischlangobardischen Nachlasses III | Zur Unterscheidung des vorlangobardischen und elbgermanischlangobardischen Nachlasses IV | Zur Unterscheidung des vorlangobardischen und elbgermanischlangobardischen Nachlasses V | Die langobardischen Schmiedegräber aus Poysdorf und Brno. Fragen, Methoden, erste Ergebnisse I | Die langobardischen Schmiedegräber aus Poysdorf und Brno. Fragen, Methoden, erste Ergebnisse II | Der Helm von Steinbrunn - ein ostgotisches Ehrengeschenk? | Langobardenforschung in Nordwestungarn | Langobardische Präsenz im Südostalpenraum im Lichte neuer Forschungen | Deutung und Bedeutung von Salins Tierstil II zwischen Langobardia und Avaria | Sixth-century cemeteries in Hungary and Italy: a comparative approach | Langobarden im 6. Jahrhundert im unteren Traisental. Die Gräberfelder von Pottenbrunn (Landeshauptstadt St. Pölten) und Oberndorf in der Ebene (Stadtgemeinde Herzogenburg) | Langobardi per annos decem regem non habentes, sub ducibus fuerunt. Formen und Entwicklung der Herrschaftsorganisation bei den Lanobarden. Eine Skizze | How territorial was Lombard law? | Masculine authority and state identity in Liutprandic Italy | King Cunincpert and the Archangel Michael | Gens eadem reparat omnia septa gregis - Mönchtum unter den langobardischen Königen | Elemente der Stabilität im Dukat Benevent in vorfränkischer Zeit | Zum Landesnamen Langobardia | Der altisländische Odinsname Langbaror: ´Langbart´ und die Langobarden | Von langobardischen Königen und Herzögen. Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der namenkundlichen Betrachtungsweise | Methodik und Probleme bei der Erforschung des Langobardischen am Beispiel einiger juristischer Fachbegriffe: mundoald, launegild, sculdhais | Cultura e scrittura nell´Italia longobarda | Scritture epigrafiche e scritture librarie in Italia meridionale | Literarische Kultur in langobardischen Rhytmen | Conclusion: The Lombards - power and identity | Geschichte und Identität im Langobardenreich | Abkürzungsverzeichnis | Quellenverzeichnis | Literaturverzeichnis | Register

Wer waren die Langobarden, und wie ist ihre Identität historisch, archäologisch und philologisch zu fassen? Zu dieser Frage vereinigt der Band methodische Überlegungen und exemplarische Studien von etablierten und jüngeren Vertretern verschiedener Disziplinen. Ein Schwerpunkt sind neue Ergebnisse der Archäologie der Langobarden im mittleren Donauraum, wobei sich grundlegende Beiträge, die Überblick über breites Material bieten, mit Vorstellungen von Neufunden und neuen Interpretationen, methodischen Überlegungen und innovativen technologischen Untersuchungen verbinden. Der Abschnitt zu langobardischer Herrschaft und langobardischen Identitäten in Italien enthält vor allem die Arbeiten von Historikern, die danach fragen, wie gesellschaftliche Integration und staatliche Organisation funktionierten. Wie trugen Geschlechterrollen, wie das Mönchtum dazu bei, und was sagt die politisch-geographische Terminologie darüber aus? Der letzte Abschnitt vereinigt Beiträge zu Sprache und Kultur, und zwar aus altnordischer, germanistischer, mittellateinischer, paläographischer und kulturgeschichtlicher Sicht. Erstmals seit Jahrzehnten wird in diesem Band ein breiter Überblick über die internationale Langobardenforschung gegeben, der weit über das bisherige Handbuchwissen hinausweist. Who were the Langobards and how can their identity be grasped historically, archaeologically and philologically? To answer this question, this volume gathers methodical considerations and exemplary studies by both established and younger scholars from various disciplines. Emphasis has been made on the newest archaeological results concerning the Langobards in the Middle Danube Area, and the contributions, which provide an overview of large amounts of material, combine a picture of new finds and new interpretations, as well as thoughts concerning methods and innovative technological studies. The section about Langobardi rule and identity in Italy consists of works primarily by historians who discuss how social integration and state organisation functioned. What role did gender and monasticism play, and in this regard what does political-geographical terminology reveal? The final section joins papers on language and culture that discuss questions concerning Old Nordic, German and Middle Latin philology, palaeography and cultural history. For the first time in several decades, this volume presents a broad overview of the international research being done on the Langobards that is far beyond the textbook knowledge that was available until now. 

Herrschaft und Identität

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Die Langobarden

Kapitel 11, Tafel 202-209 | Kapitel 9, Verzeichnis von Tabellen, Abbildungen und Tafeln. | Kapitel 7, Epilog. | Kapitel 11, Tafel 142-161 | Kapitel 11, Tafel 61-80 | Kapitel 11, Tafel 182-201 | Gebrauchsanleitung für die beiden CD-ROMS | in: Die älteren Kulturperioden im Orient und in Europa. I. Die Methode. Stockholm 1903, 110p. | Kapitel 2, Die Methode. | Kapitel 11, Tafel 102-121 | Kapitel 6, Ergebnisse. | Kapitel 1, Prolog. | Kapitel 11, Tafel 11-20 | Kapitel 11, Tafel 21-40 | Kapitel 5, Daten. | Kapitel 11, Tafel 1-10 | Kapitel 3, Das Programmpaket WinSerion 1.0. | Kapitel 4, Forschungsstand zur Awarenzeit. | Kapitel 11, Tafel 122-141 | Kapitel 11, Tafel 162-181 | Kapitel 10, Tabellen. | Kapitel 11, Tafel 81-101 | Kapitel 8, Literaturverzeichnis. | Kapitel 11, Tafel 41-60

Dank der unvorhergesehenen Entwicklung von Hard- und Software in den letzten 20 Jahren ist es tatsächlich erstmals nicht nur möglich, mit Hilfe unserer Bilddatenbank „Montelius“ zur archäologischen Typologie das komplette Fundmaterial einer Kultur, eben der awarischen, zu erfassen, sondern es auch mit dem mit „Montelius“ Hand in Hand arbeitenden Programmpaket WinSerion auf einfache Weise auszuwerten. Die Suche von Parallelen zu einem Fundstück, eine der zeitaufwändigsten Tätigkeiten des Archäologen, dauert dank „Montelius“ nur mehr dreißig Sekunden. Auch die Typologieerstellung kann nun viel schneller und kompletter durchgeführt werden. Für die Relativchronologie sowohl von Männer- als auch Frauengräbern werden Ergebnisse mittels verschiedener Seriationsmethoden präsentiert. Mit der naturwissenschaftlich basierten Absolutdatierung kann man aus der Relativchronologie eine Absolutchronologie erhalten. Dabei scheint bemerkenswert zu sein, dass der Beginn der Spätawarenzeit um 680 (statt bisher um 700 bis 720) aufgrund umfangreicher 14C-Datierungsserien angesetzt werden kann. Neben der Chronologie wird in vorliegender Arbeit vor allem Wert auf die Chorologie gelegt, alle funktionellen Typen, aber auch die Feintypen, wurden kartiert. Von den vielen tausend Kartierungen werden hier einige wenige präsentiert und diskutiert, alle anderen sind nach Installation der beiliegenden CD-ROMs ebenfalls zugänglich, zusammen mit „thumb nails“, die einen der Typenvertreter darstellen und somit die Typologie transparent machen. Diese vielen Kartierungen können kaum mehr überblickt werden. Mit der Methodik „Analyse der Nächsten Nachbarn“ ist es möglich, unter anderem tausende awarenzeitliche Töpfe in einer Art horizontalstratigraphischer Untersuchung gemeinsam auszuwerten. Dabei erhalten wir eine Abgrenzung von wenigstens 14 Siedlungsbereichen, innerhalb derer der Handel offensichtlich intensiver war als zwischen benachbarten Gruppen. Ethnische Differenzierungen scheinen - mit allen Vorbehalten - im Awarenreich aufgrund des Fundgutes möglich zu sein. Die „wirklichen“ Awaren lassen sich gut von Germanen und Romanen, eventuell auch Slawen abgrenzen. Im Nordwesten der Avaria kann ab 630 n. Chr. aufgrund von Keramikverzierungen eine slawische Gruppe abgegrenzt werden, die möglicherweise als Teil des Reiches von Samo interpretiert werden kann. Because of the unpredicted development of computer hardware and software during the last 20 years, it is not only possible to typologically record the entire archaeological material finds of a culture with our photo data bank “Montelius”, in this case that of the Avars, but together with the program WinSerion it is possible to analyse them easily. The search for similarities between findings, one of the most time-consuming aspects of archaeology, now takes a mere thirty seconds thanks to Montelius. Typological analysis can also be done much more quickly and thoroughly. 

Mit Beiträgen von Walter Kutschera, Walter Pohl und Eva Maria Wild

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Walter Pohl

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