Die „Proceedings of the Fifth International Dharmakirti Conference” (Heidelberg, August 2014) beschäftigen sich mit der erkenntnistheoretisch-logischen Schule des Buddhismus – einer lange währenden Tradition, die innerhalb des heilstheoretischen Rahmens des Buddhismus die Analyse von Erkenntnis, Schlussfolgerung und Beweis in das Zentrum ihrer theoretischen Bemühungen stellte und dabei das Werk des indisch-buddhistischen Erkenntnistheoretikers und Logikers Dharmakirti (6.‒7. Jhd. u. Z.) zugrundelegte. Methoden und Ansätze dieser Schule wurden durch das intellektuelle Umfeld des mittelalterlichen Indien mit seiner Wechselwirkung unterschiedlicher religiös-philosophischer Strömungen geprägt und beeinflussten die Geistesgeschichte des tibetischen Buddhismus nachhaltig; sie wurden auch in China und Japan rezipiert. Die 30 Beiträge zu diesem Band stellen eine Momentaufnahme einer internationalen Forschungslandschaft mit Zentren in Wien und Japan dar. Sie befassen sich mit historischen und philologischen Problemen, die durch wichtige rezente Manuskriptfunde aufgeworfen werden, verfolgen Forschungsfragen aus der Geschichte der Philosophie und unternehmen philosophische Rekonstruktion und kritische Überprüfung einzelner Theorien und Argumente. Indem der Band den Schwerpunkt auf Strömungen aus Asien richtet, die rigorose philosophische Methoden entwickelten und systematisch zur Anwendung brachten, leistet er einen Beitrag zur Ausbildung eines besser fundierten globalen Geschichtsbewusstseins im Bereich der Philosophie.



 The proceedings volume of the Fifth International Dharmakirti Conference (Heidelberg, August 2014) is concerned with the logico-epistemological school of Buddhism ‒ a long-lasting tradition that pursued the analysis of knowledge, inference and proof within a Buddhist soteriological framework, based on the works of the Indian epistemologist and logician Dharmakirti (6th–7th c. CE). Having been shaped in the environment of medieval India, with its multiple mutually interacting and partly competing religio-philosophical schools, the methods and approaches of Buddhist logic and epistemology had lasting impact on the intellectual history of Tibetan Buddhism and were also received in China and Japan. The 30 papers in this volume offer a snapshot of an international research landscape with centers in Vienna and Japan. They address historical and philological problems raised by important recent manuscript discoveries, pursue specific research questions in the history of philosophy, and undertake philosophical reconstructions and critical examinations relating to individual theories and arguments. By focusing on currents in Asia that developed and applied rigorous philosophical methods, the volume aims to contribute to the formation of a better-founded global historical awareness in the field of philosophy.   

Proceedings of the Fifth International Dharmakīrti Conference Heidelberg, August 26 to 30, 2014

Reverberations of Dharmakīrti‘s Philosophy

Acknowledgements | Introduction | Text of the Apohasiddhi | Translation of the Apohasiddhi | Additional comments on the Apohasiddhi | The apoha theory in Ratnakīrti's Apohasiddhi | Appendices | Dharmakīrti on apoha | Śāntarakṣita and Kamalaśīla on apoha | Bibliography

Die Universalientheorie, die von buddhistischen Philosophen seit dem sechsten Jahrhundert u. Z. in Indien entwickelt und verteidigt wurde, ist für ihre zentrale These berühmt, dass jede Erkenntnis einer Ähnlichkeit zwischen Dingen primär auf dem Unterschied dieser Dinge von anderen Dingen ("anyāpoha") beruht. Dieses Buch untersucht die Theorie wie sie in der "Apohasiddhi" dargestellt wird, einem Werk, das der buddhistische Mönch und Lehrer Ratnakīrti im elften Jahrhundert während der letzten Hochblüte philosophischer Aktivität im indischen Buddhismus verfasst hat. The theory of universals that was developed and upheld by Buddhist philosophers in premodern India since the sixth century CE is famous for its central claim that any judgment of a similarity between things is due not to anything substantially real that the things share, but to their difference from other things ("anyāpoha"). This book investigates the theory as it is presented in the "Apohasiddhi", a work written by the Buddhist monk and teacher Ratnakīrti in the eleventh century, during the last flowering of philosophical activity in Indian Buddhism.

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Ratnakīrti's Proof of Exclusion

A Critical Edition of Bhaṭṭa Jayanta's Nyāyamañjarī | The Apoha Section of the Nyāyamañjarī | The Qualifier-Qualificand Relation and Coreferentiality | On vyāvṛtta | On Śākyabuddhi´s Interpretation of the Apoha Theory | The Introductory Verse of Dharmottara's Apohaprakaraṇa | Dharmottara's Notion of āropita | Understanding a Philosophical Text | Competing Theories of Conceptual Cognition

Reading Bhaṭṭa Jayanta on Buddhist Nominalism engages with an ancient Indian philosophical theory, called the “exclusion theory” (apoha), which was developed by Indian Buddhists from the fifth century of the common era onward. This theory attempts to explain what universals really are and how they are known, yet without accepting that any two real things are identical with each other, or even similar to each other, in any substantial sense. The manifold philosophical problems arising from this seemingly self-contradictory position, and the Buddhist’s ingenious solution to it, exercised most schools of Indian thought for more than seven centuries and caused the Buddhists to continuously refine their theory. 

The book bases its investigation of the apoha theory on the succinct and accessible discussion of it found in the Nyāyamañjarī, a text by the accomplished author and Nyāya philosopher Bhaṭṭa Jayanta who flourished late in the ninth century of the common era. In its first part, the book presents a careful edition of the original Sanskrit text of this section of the Nyāyamañjarī, along with a clear and annotated English translation of this text, and thus enables the reader to gain a first-hand experience of the topic in a concrete historical form. 

The second part of this book contains seven articles that discuss important issues that the Buddhist theory of universals had to deal with, including ontological, epistemological and linguistic conundrums, all of which are discussed in Jayanta’s text. These contributions try to answer these questions with different methods, ranging from a critical-historical analysis to the speculative philosophical approach, and often combining them for best results. These articles are arranged according to the date of their main subject matter, structurally following the presentation which Jayanta himself chose, and shine spotlights on stages of the apoha theory’s development from the fifth to eleventh century of the common era. 

This combination of a complete primary text with scholarly articles exploring several of its topics in more depth is intended to allow the informed reader to approach this important episode in the history of philosophy in an engaging and methodically sound manner, and to present new insights into the history of the apoha theory to the scholarly community. 

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Reading Bhaṭṭa Jayanta on Buddhist Nominalism

Conference "Cultural Flows across the Western Himalaya" | The CHIS of the Western Himalayas | Mapping the Past and the Present | GDAT - A GPS Data Acquisition Tool for Cultural History | Coinage of the Nezak Shah | Reinvented Landscapes | A Journey "to the Land on the Other Side" | Traversing the Land of siddhas and ḍākinīs | The Theory of anukṛti in the Abhinavabhāratī | Pragmatic Translating | Determination in Ratnakīrti's Apohasiddhi | Latest News from a Kashmirian "Second Dharmakīrti" | Manuscripts en route | Of Epigraphic Palimpsests and Similar Phenomena | Temple Complex 'Virtual Nako' | The Tibetan Himalayan Style | A Decree of lHa Bla ma Ye shes 'od | Chapter 17 | The Deer as a Structuring Principle in Certain Bonpo Rituals | Facts and Questions as a Way of Conclusion

This collection of essays is the outcome of a symposium hosted by the International Institute of Advanced Studies, Shimla (15th–18th April 2009). An international group of scholars, collaborating in the project “The Cultural History of the Western Himalayas from the 8th Century” (sponsored by the Austrian Science Fund, NFN S98), present here some of their own speci?c research on various areas, archaeological sites, monuments and centres of learning that, in various degrees, have studded the region along the centuries. 

The complex morphology of the Western Himalayas has favoured quite a number of dynamic interactions with their bordering countries (present day U-tsang and Chang-thang in the TAR, Nepal, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu-Kashmir, North Pakistan and beyond) that is here followed through the study of iconographic elements in the coinage of Nezak Shah (P?sterer and Uhlir) or portable cult objects from Khotan (Forte), items that, like manuscripts (Tauscher), often travelled over long distances. Like art-historical evidence surviving in Lahul (Widorn), they help to trace Buddhist pilgrimage routes and recover religious maps. The consideration of the historical, cultural and social background of the Buddhist sculptures in ancient U??iyana, where Indian motifs interlace with local elements (Filigenzi), gives yet another view of such a landscape. 

The theme of “Tibetan Himalaya Style” in the art of the Western domains, thoroughly analysed in the larger context of the surrounding regions and in consideration of an impressive number of artistic productions, contributes to a social history of these regions (Klimburg-Salter). 

The role of Kashmir as a privileged centre of learning, particularly during the last centuries of the ?rst millennium CE and the following two centuries, is here investigated through the work and life of the philosopher Sa?karanandana (Eltschinger), the Buddhist theory of universals (McAllister), the practices of translating Buddhist texts (MacDonald), and the aesthetic theory discussed by Saiva and Buddhist philosophers (Mukherji). The intellectual life is also viewed through practices related to the written, e. g., the use of palimpsests on inscribed murals in Zhalu (Tropper and Scherrer-Schaub). 

Besides micro-historical data about the founder of the Guge-Purang dynasty in Western Tibet, Ye ses ’od, gathered from a recently discovered manuscript (Samten Karmay), and a ?rst-hand account of the culture and religious practices of modern Dolpo (Phuntshog Nyima), three ritual texts for summoning good fortune are analysed by studying the role of the deer as a structuring principle in Bon po rituals (Ramble). 

Finally, new methodological approaches are presented in an introduction to the use of new technology to map history (Cartwright), the project of an on-line cartographic information system elaborated at the University of Vienna (Pucher and Kriz), and the use of a GPS data acquisition tool (Schobesberger), followed by the example of the 3D visualization of the temple complex at Nako, Kinnaur (Nausner and Schobesberger). 

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Patrick McAllister

Produkte

Reverberations of Dharmakīrti‘s Philosophy

Ratnakīrti's Proof of Exclusion

Reading Bhaṭṭa Jayanta on Buddhist Nominalism

Cultural Flows across the Western Himalaya