Univ.-Prof.

The Appearance, Formation and Transformation of Philistine Culture: New Perspectives and New Finds | The Climatic Context of the 3.2 kyr calBP Event | Weapons and Metals - Interregional Contacts between Italy and the Eastern Mediterranean during the Late Bronze Age | The Sea Peoples after Three Millennia: Possibilities and Limitations of Historical Reconstruction | Abbreviations | Shifts in Value? Exotica in the 13th-12th Centuries BCE Mediterranean | Flourishing amidst a 'Crisis': The Regional History of the Paphos Polity at the Transition from the 13th to the 12th Centuries BCE | The Archaeological Ramifications of "Philistines" in Aleppo | Anglo-Saxons and Sea Peoples: Comparing Similar Approaches for Tracking Ancient Human Migration | The 13th/12th Century BCE Destructions and the Abandonment of Hala Sultan Tekke, Cyprus | The Late Bronze - Iron Age Transition and the Problem of the Sea Peoples Phenomenon in Cilicia | Sea Peoples, Philistines, and the Destruction of Cities: A Critical Examination of Destruction Layers 'Caused' by the 'Sea Peoples' | The Late Bronze to Early Iron Age Transition in Transjordan - Between Tradition and Innovation: Evidence of Migration at Tell Abu al-Kharaz, Jordan Valley? | Dating the End of the Late Bronze Age with Radiocarbon: Some Observations, Concerns, and Revisiting the Dating of Late Cypriot IIC to IlIA | Causes of Complex Systems Collapse at the End of the Bronze Age | How Aegean is Philistine Pottery? The Use of Aegean-type Pottery in the Early 12th Century BCE Southern Levant | Philistines and Danites | The Impact of the Sea Peoples in the Central and Northern Levant in Perspective | The Sea Peoples: A View from the Pottery | Some Notes on Philistines, Migration and Mediterranean Connectivity | The Sea Peoples and the Collapse of Mycenaean Palatial Rule | Reflections on the Outcomes of the Workshop: Problems and Desiderata | Fluctuations in Levantine Maritime Foci across the Late Bronze/Iron Age Transition: Charting the Role of the Sharon-Carmel (Tjeker) Coast in the Rise of Iron Age Phoenician Polities

This volume presents the outcomes of the European Science Foundation workshop “Sea Peoples” Up-to-Date. New Research on Transformations in the Eastern Mediterranean in the 13th–11th Centuries BCE, which took place in November 2014 at the Austrian Academy of Sciences in Vienna. It offers up-to-date research on the Sea Peoples phenomenon during the so called “crisis years” at the end of the Bronze Age. This period encompasses dramatic changes in the political and cultural landscape of mainly the Eastern Mediterranean around 1200 BCE and most of the 12th century BCE. In geographical terms, these changes are noticeable in a vast area stretching from the Italian peninsula over the Balkans, the Aegean, Anatolia and Cyprus, to the Levant and Egypt. The term “Sea Peoples phenomenon” should be considered as an encompassing term, which – in addition to the written records on hostile activities of various ethnic groups in the Eastern Mediterranean – is synonymous with the effect of this turbulent period as reflected in the material remains. As a consequence, these events ended the Late Bronze Age, the first period of “internationalism” in human history. 

The papers are presented in five sections: “Overviews: From Italy to the Levant”; “Climate and Radiocarbon”; “Theoretical Approaches on Destruction, Migration and Transformation of Cultures”; “Case Studies: Cyprus, Cilicia and the Northern and Southern Levant”; and “Material Studies”. The reader of this volume gains insights into very complex changes during this period. It will become clear that these changes manifest themselves over decades and not years, and include numerous underlying factors: One single wave of migration, one general military campaign and other simple explanations should be dismissed. The breakdown of Late Bronze Age societies and the transformative processes that followed in its wake occurred in a vast area but they are mirrored in differing ways at local level. This volume presents the outcomes of the European Science Foundation workshop “Sea Peoples” Up-to-Date. New Research on Transformations in the Eastern Mediterranean in the 13th–11th Centuries BCE, which took place in November 2014 at the Austrian Academy of Sciences in Vienna. It offers up-to-date research on the Sea Peoples phenomenon during the so called “crisis years” at the end of the Bronze Age. This period encompasses dramatic changes in the political and cultural landscape of mainly the Eastern Mediterranean around 1200 BCE and most of the 12th century BCE. In geographical terms, these changes are noticeable in a vast area stretching from the Italian peninsula over the Balkans, the Aegean, Anatolia and Cyprus, to the Levant and Egypt. The term “Sea Peoples phenomenon” should be considered as an encompassing term, which – in addition to the written records on hostile activities of various ethnic groups in the Eastern Mediterranean – is synonymous with the effect of this turbulent period as reflected in the material remains. As a consequence, these events ended the Late Bronze Age, the first period of “internationalism” in human history.

The papers are presented in five sections: “Overviews: From Italy to the Levant”; “Climate and Radiocarbon”; “Theoretical Approaches on Destruction, Migration and Transformation of Cultures”; “Case Studies: Cyprus, Cilicia and the Northern and Southern Levant”; and “Material Studies”. The reader of this volume gains insights into very complex changes during this period. It will become clear that these changes manifest themselves over decades and not years, and include numerous underlying factors: One single wave of migration, one general military campaign and other simple explanations should be dismissed. The breakdown of Late Bronze Age societies and the transformative processes that followed in its wake occurred in a vast area but they are mirrored in differing ways at local level.

New Research on Transformation in the Eastern Mediterranean in 13th-11th Centuriese BCE

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"Sea Peoples" Up-to-Date

Abbreviations, Translations and Selected Glossary | CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND VADEMECUM | CHAPTER 2 STRATIGRAPHY, ARCHITECTURE AND FINDS | FIG.26A PLAN OF PHASE XIV, AREA 1 | CHAPTER 2 STRATIGRAPHY, ARCHITECTURE AND FINDS | FIG.182A PLAN OF PHASE XIV, AREA 7 | FIG.250A PLAN OF PHASE IX, AREA 9 East | FIG.356A PLAN OF PHASE X, AREA 9 East | FIG.357A PLAN OF PHASE XI, AREA 9 East | FIG.374A PLAN OF PHASE XII, AREA 9 East | CHAPTER 3 THE POTTERY: TYPO-CHRONOLOGICAL CONCLUSIONS | CHAPTER 4 RADIOCARBON DATING | CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS | APPENDIX 1 FIGURINES | APPENDIX 2 THE SPHINX HANDLE | APPENDIX 3 COSMETIC PALETTES OF STONE | APPENDIX 4 NOTES ON THE GLYPTIC MATERIAL AND OSTRAKA | BIBLIOGRAPHY

Tell Abu al-Kharaz, ein Siedlungshügel im mittleren Jordantal, östlich des Jordans, wurde zwischen 1989 und 2012 unter der Leitung des Autors erforscht. Die Stadt erlebte ihre Blütezeit in der Frühbronzezeit und – nach einer längeren Besiedlungslücke – in der späten Mittelbronze- und der Spätbronzezeit. Als letzter Band in einer Serie von drei Bänden über Tell Abu al-Kharaz (Band I: Frühbronzezeit, 2008; Band II: Mittel- und Spätbronzezeit, 2006) ist das vorliegende Buch der erste abgeschlossene Bericht über eine eisenzeitliche Siedlung im Jordantal. Ausgrabungs- und Bearbeitungsmethoden werden in Kapitel 1 beschrieben. Kapitel 2 präsentiert die Stratigraphie, die gemeinsam mit der Architektur, der Keramik und den Kleinfunden behandelt wird. In Kapitel 3 werden die Typologie und Chronologie der keramischen Funde, einschließlich der zahlreichen Importe, beschrieben und sowohl typologisch als auch chronologisch klassifiziert. Kapitel 4 ist der Auswertung der 42 Radiokarbondaten gewidmet. Kapitel 5 schließlich beinhaltet eine Zusammenfassung der Resultate: Klima, Umwelt, Fauna und Flora, Art der Besiedlung, Anzahl der Einwohner und die mögliche Verwaltung der Stadt, Wirtschaft und Handel sowie die Handelswege. Die Architektur der sieben Siedlungen der Eisenzeit und die Keramik werden weiterhin diskutiert. Funde, die auf Kontakte mit den Philistern/Seevölkern schließen lassen, werden behandelt. Spezielle Aufmerksamkeit wird der relativen und absoluten Chronologie der Besiedlungsphasen mit Hilfe von Radiokarbon und dem Vergleich mit geeigneten Grabungsstätten gewidmet. In vier Appendices werden die Figurinen, ein außergewöhnlicher Handgriff aus geschnitztem Knochen, Schminkpaletten aus Stein und Alabaster sowie das glyptische Material und die Ostraka diskutiert. Tell Abu al-Kharaz is situated in the central Transjordanian Jordan Valley. The author directed the excavations of this settlement from 1989 to 2012. The town flourished in the Early Bronze Age, and after an occupational lacuna of more than thousand years the site was re-occupied in the second half of the Middle Bronze Age and remained permanently occupied until the end of the Iron Age. The new volume is No. III in a series of three (The Early Bronze Age Vol. I, published by the Austrian Academy of Sciences Press in 2008, and the Middle and Late Bronze Ages Vol. II, in 2006). Chapter 1 describes excavation and processing methods. In Chapter 2 the stratigraphy, the architecture, the ceramics and small finds are presented as an integrated part of the publication. Chapter 3 deals with the typology and chronology of the ceramics which include numerous imports. Chapter 4 is devoted to the evaluation of the 42 radiocarbon dates from Iron Age contexts. The general conclusion and discussion is in Chapter 5 which deals with discussions on the climate, type of settlement, number of people, administration, the seven settlement phases, architecture, pottery and small finds as well as trade and trade routes. There are finds that are unmistakably related to the Philistines/Sea Peoples which is unique for the Transjordanian Jordan Valley. Other finds are related to the Phoenician and Egyptian sphere of culture. Special attention is devoted to relative and absolute chronological enquiries based on the considerable number of radiocarbon dates and parallels from other sites. The four appendices deal with the figurines, a unique carved bone handle, cosmetic palettes of stone and alabaster and glyptic and ostraka. 

Volume III: The Iron Age

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Tell Abu al-Kharaz in the Jordan Valley

Abbreviations, Symbols, Translations and Selected Glossary | CHAPTER 1  INTRODUCTION AND VADE MECUM | CHAPTER 2  STRATIGRAPHY, ARCHITECTURE AND POTTERY | CHAPTER 3  THE POTTERY: TYPO-CHRONOLOGICAL CONCLUSIONS | CHAPTER 4  THE EARLY BRONZE AGE CHIPPED STONE ASSEMBLAGE FROM TELL ABU AL-KHARAZ | CHAPTER 5  ATOMIC-ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY OF COPPER-BASE OBJECTS | CHAPTER 6  CLIMATE, FAUNA AND FLORA: A SYNOPSIS | CHAPTER 7  RADIOCARBON DATINGS | CHAPTER 8  DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS | APPENDIX 1  AN EARLY BRONZE AGE NECKLAGE FROM TELL ABU AL-KHARAZ, JORDAN VALLEY | APPENDIX 2  POTMARKS ON CERAMIC CONTAINERS FROM EARLY BRONZE AGE TELL ABU AL-KHARAZ, JORDAN VALLEY | APPENDIX 3  A TEXTILE IMPRESSION FROM TELL ABU AL-KHARAZ | APPENDIX 4  NOTES ON BONE TOOLS FOR TEXTILE PRODUCTION | Bibliography | Publications

Der vorliegende Band aus einer Serie von drei Bänden, die die Besiedlungsperioden von Tell Abu al-Kharaz umfassend präsentieren (Band II: Mittel- und Spätbronzezeit – Erscheinungsjahr 2006; Band III: Eisenzeit – in Vorbereitung), ist der erste abgeschlossene Bericht über eine Siedlung der Frühbronzezeit im transjordanischen Jordantal. Tell Abu al-Kharaz, ein Siedlungshügel im zentralen Jordantal, wurde zwischen 1989 und 2001 unter der Leitung des Autors erforscht. Die Stadt hatte ihre größte Ausdehnung in der Frühbronzezeit, d.h. in der konventionellen Frühbronzezeit IB und II, und wurde nach einer längeren Besiedlungslücke in der späten Mittelbronze- und Spätbronzezeit und Eisenzeit wieder besiedelt. Ausgrabungs- und Bearbeitungsmethoden werden im Kapitel 1 beschrieben. Kapitel 2 präsentiert die Stratigraphie, die integriert mit der Architektur, der Keramik und den Kleinfunden behandelt wird. Kapitel 3 ist der Typologie and Chronologie der keramischen Funde gewidmet. Hier werden am Orte produzierte und importierte Gefäße diachronisch beschrieben. Unter den Vertretern der auf Tell Abu al-Kharaz gefundenen Importe befinden sich vor allem die „Metallic Ware“ aus dem Libanon und die in Palästina seltenen Gefäße der ägyptischen Naqada-Kultur. Kapitel 4 beschreibt die Steinwerkzeuge, Kapitel 5 präsentiert die Resultate der Atomabsorptionsanalysen der Kupferobjekte, und die Untersuchungen der Flora und Fauna werden im Kapitel 6 vorgelegt. Kapitel 7 präsentiert die Ergebnisse der C-14 Datierungen. Kapitel 8 enthaltet eine generelle Zusammenfassung und Diskussion der Resultate: Umweltfragen, Art der Besiedlung, Anzahl der Einwohner und die mögliche Verwaltung der Stadt, Handel und Handelswege, Architektur der sechs Besiedlungen der Frühbronzezeit und Kleinfunde werden diskutiert. Die weitläufigen Probleme der Synchronisierung und Terminologie der Frühbronzezeit werden erläutert. Die relative chronologische Diskussion wird in drei Teilen präsentiert: die lokale Chronologie und die regionale und die interregionale Synchronisierung und eine absolute Chronologie zwischen ca. 3150–2950/2900 wird vorgeschlagen. Schließlich werden Schlusssätze und Hypothesen präsentiert, die den Aufgang und Fall der frühbronzezeitlichen Siedlung von Tell Abu al-Kharaz erläutern. Spezialstudien werden in vier Appendizes vorgelegt: Appendix 1 beschreibt verschiedene Materialanalysen der Bestandteile eines kompletten Halsbands, Appendix 2 die Typologie und mögliche Bedeutung der zahlreichen Gefäßmarkierungen und Appendizes 3 und 4 werden den Textilien und deren Produktion gewidmet.



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This volume is one in a series of three which presents the results of the excavations of the multiperiod settlement of Tell Abu al-Kharaz in the Central Transjordanian Jordan Valley (Volume II on the Middle and Late Bronze Ages was published in 2006; Volume III on the Iron Age is in preparation). The present publication is the first final publication of an Early Bronze Age town in the Transjordanian Jordan Valley. The site was excavated between 1989 and 2001 under the direction of the author. The Early Bronze Age town, which belongs to the conventional EB IB and II, was the largest of all settlements. Excavation and processing methods are described in Chapter 1. Stratigraphy, architecture and pottery are presented as an integrated entity in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 presents typo-chronological conclusions on locally produced and imported ceramic wares, the latter including metal ware from Lebanon and the rare finds of cylindrical jars from the Egyptian Naqada III culture. Chapter 4 deals with the lithics, and Chapters 5 to 7 with atomic-absorption spectroscopy of copper objects, the climate, the fauna and flora, and radiocarbon datings. In Chapter 8, Discussions and Conclusions, the general and specific environment, the settlement, the people and their administration, population statistics, economy and communication routes are discussed. This chapter also contains analyses of the architectural features and installations and the small finds. Problems related to synchronization and terminology are debated. The section which deals with relative chronology presents the correlation of the established local six sub-periods with the regional and interregional evidence. An absolute time frame between c. 3150 and 2950/2900 B.C. is suggested for the duration of the Early Bronze Age settlement at Tell Abu al-Kharaz. Finally, a number of hypotheses on the rise and fall of the Early Bronze Age societies of Tell Abu al-Kharaz are offered. Special studies are presented in four appendices: Appendix 1 describes various analytical methods applied to the beads of a complete necklace, Appendix 2 offers a typology and possible meaning of numerous potmarks from the site, and Appendices 3 and 4 deal with textiles and their production. This volume is one in a series of three which presents the results of the excavations of the multiperiod settlement of Tell Abu al-Kharaz in the Central Transjordanian Jordan Valley (Volume II on the Middle and Late Bronze Ages was published in 2006; Volume III on the Iron Age is in preparation). The present publication is the first final publication of an Early Bronze Age town in the Transjordanian Jordan Valley. The site was excavated between 1989 and 2001 under the direction of the author. The Early Bronze Age town, which belongs to the conventional EB IB and II, was the largest of all settlements. Excavation and processing methods are described in Chapter 1. Stratigraphy, architecture and pottery are presented as an integrated entity in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 presents typo-chronological conclusions on locally produced and imported ceramic wares, the latter including metal ware from Lebanon and the rare finds of cylindrical jars from the Egyptian Naqada III culture. Chapter 4 deals with the lithics, and Chapters 5 to 7 with atomic-absorption spectroscopy of copper objects, the climate, the fauna and flora, and radiocarbon datings. In Chapter 8, Discussions and Conclusions, the general and specific environment, the settlement, the people and their administration, population statistics, economy and communication routes are discussed. This chapter also contains analyses of the architectural features and installations and the small finds. Problems related to synchronization and terminology are debated. The section which deals with relative chronology presents the correlation of the established local six sub-periods with the regional and interregional evidence. An absolute time frame between c. 3150 and 2950/2900 B.C. is suggested for the duration of the Early Bronze Age settlement at Tell Abu al-Kharaz. Finally, a number of hypotheses on the rise and fall of the Early Bronze Age societies of Tell Abu al-Kharaz are offered. Special studies are presented in four appendices: Appendix 1 describes various analytical methods applied to the beads of a complete necklace, Appendix 2 offers a typology and possible meaning of numerous potmarks from the site, and Appendices 3 and 4 deal with textiles and their production.

Volume I: The Early Bronze Age

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I. PELLA IN THE MIDDLE BRONZE AGE | II. THE RISE AND FALL OF THE MIDDLE AND LATE BRONZE AGE SOCIETIES OF TELL ABU AL-KHARAZ | III. TELL DEIR cALLA: THE MIDDLE AND LATE BRONZE AGE CHRONOLOGY | IV. THE ESSENCE OF THE STUDIES OF PELLA, TELL ABU AL-KHARAZ AND TELL DEIR cALLA | V. PELLA AND THE JORDANIAN MIDDLE AND LATE BRONZE AGES (response to Chapter IV) | VI. RÉSUMÉ | Bisher erschienene Publikationen

Der vorliegende Band beschreibt drei der wichtigsten größeren Siedlungszentren im zentralen Jordantal während der Mittel- und Spätbronzezeit: Pella, Tell Abu al-Kharaz and Tell Deir 'Alla. Die Resultate der Ausgrabungen dieser drei Siedlungen, die sich über einige Jahrzehnte erstrecken, werden koordiniert. Eine alternative Form, wichtige Resultate zu publizieren, wird präsentiert. Den Mitautoren wurde die Gelegenheit geboten, die Zusammenfassung und die Schlusssätze des Herausgebers zu diskutieren. In den ersten drei Kapiteln werden die drei Siedlungen durch die Ausgrabungsleiter, Bourke (mit Mitarbeitern), Fischer und van der Kooij, präsentiert. Kapitel 4 ist eine Zusammenfassung der Resultate der Ausgrabungen und deren Interpretation durch den Herausgeber. Im nächsten Kapitel verdeutlicht Bourke einige Punkte der Zusammenfassung und präsentiert zusätzliche Theorien. Das letzte Kapitel beinhaltet eine generelle Zusammenfassung des Herausgebers, in der Bourkes Antwort berücksichtigt wurde. Dieses Kapitel enthält die lokale, regionale und interkulturelle Synchronisierung der drei Besiedelungen. Da das Fundmaterial Importe von Syrien/Libanon, Zypern, Ägypten und der mykenischen Kultursphäre aufweist, haben die Resultate der Ausgrabungen auch Bedeutung für die Kulturen dieser Gebiete. Fischers revidierte Terminologie für die Unterteilung der Spätbronzezeit wird von allen Autoren verwendet. Es soll weiters auf den interdisziplinären Charakter des Buchs hingewiesen werden. Konventionelle Feldarchäologie wird mit naturwissenschaftlichen Disziplinen zusammen angewendet. Damit wird das Ziel des besseren Verständnisses der dynamischen Perioden der Mittel- und Spätbronzezeit der Levante und des gesamten östlichen Mittelmeergebiets erreicht. Der vorliegende Band hat auch Einfluss auf das SCIEM 2000 Projekt, The Synchronization of Civilizations in the Eastern Mediterranean in the Second Millennium B.C.



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This volume deals with the occupational chronology and the material remains of three of the most important settlements in the Central Jordan Valley during the Middle and Late Bronze Ages: Pella, Tell Abu al-Kharaz and Tell Deir 'Alla. The publication's presentation of significant results follows an unconventional approach: the contributors were given the opportunity to discuss the editor's conclusions. The three sites are presented by the respective excavators in the first three chapters. In Chapter 4, the editor summarizes the excavation results and their interpretations. Chapter 5 gives the other two contributors the opportunity to respond to Fischer's conclusions. Van der Kooij agrees with Fischer's conclusions, whereas Bourke presents additional theories and interpretations, although agreeing with Fischer on all major issues. In Chapter 6, Fischer includes Bourke's response in his résumé, in which all the sites are synchronized locally, regionally and inter-culturally. The present volume is of major importance not only for the archaeology of the Jordan Valley and the Southern Levant, but also for other related cultures that provided imports, including Syria/Lebanon, Cyprus and Egypt, as well as the Mycenaean sphere. Fischer's revised terminology and chronology for the sub-division of the Late Bronze Age is used by all contributors, although the interdisciplinary character of the publication should be underlined. This volume deals with the occupational chronology and the material remains of three of the most important settlements in the Central Jordan Valley during the Middle and Late Bronze Ages: Pella, Tell Abu al-Kharaz and Tell Deir 'Alla. The publication's presentation of significant results follows an unconventional approach: the contributors were given the opportunity to discuss the editor's conclusions. The three sites are presented by the respective excavators in the first



three chapters. In Chapter 4, the editor summarizes the excavation results and their interpretations. Chapter 5 gives the other two contributors the opportunity to respond to Fischer's conclusions. Van der Kooij agrees with Fischer's conclusions, whereas Bourke presents additional theories and interpretations, although agreeing with Fischer on all major issues. In Chapter 6, Fischer includes Bourke's response in his résumé, in which all the sites are synchronized locally, regionally and inter-culturally. The present volume is of major importance not only for the archaeology of the Jordan Valley and the Southern Levant, but also for other related cultures that provided imports, including Syria/Lebanon, Cyprus and Egypt, as well as the Mycenaean sphere. Fischer's revised terminology and chronology for the sub-division of the Late Bronze Age is used by all contributors, although the interdisciplinary character of the publication should be underlined. 

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The Chronology of the Jordan Valley during the Middle and Bronze Ages: Pella, Tell Abu al-Kharaz, and Telle Deir'Alla

Abbreviations, Translations and Some Explanations | CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION AND VADE MECUM | CHAPTER 2. STRATIGRAPHY, ARCHITECTURE AND POTTERY | CHAPTER 3. THE POTTERY. TYPO-CHRONOLOGICAL CONCLUSIONS | CHAPTER 4. LITHICS FROM THE MIDDLE AND LATE BRONZE AGE PERIODS | CHAPTER 5. ATOMIC-ABSORPTION SPECTOSCOPY | CHAPTER 6. CLIMATE, FAUNA AND FLORA: AN OVERVIEW | CHAPTER 7. RADIOCARBON DATINGS | CHAPTER 8. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS | Bibliography | Bisher erschienene Publikationen

Tell Abu al-Kharaz, ein Siedlungshügel im zentralen transjordanischen Jordantal, wurde zwischen 1989 und 2001 unter der Leitung des Autors erforscht. Die Stadt blühte in der Frühbronzezeit und nach einer längeren Besiedlungslücke in der späten Mittelbronze- und Spätbronzezeit. Der vorliegende Band in einer Serie von drei Bänden (Band I: Frühbronzezeit, Band III: Eisenzeit) ist der erste abgeschlossene Bericht über eine Siedlung der Mittel- und Spätbronzezeit in Transjordanien. Ausgrabungs- und Bearbeitungsmethoden werden im Kapitel 1 beschrieben. Kapitel 2 präsentiert die Stratigraphie, die mit der Architektur, der Keramik und den Kleinfunden zusammen behandelt wird. Kapitel 3 ist der Typologie und Chronologie der keramischen Funde gewidmet. Weiters werden die verschiedenen Untergruppen der Chocolate-on-White Ware, die feinste Keramik Palästinas, und Importe, die hauptsächlich aus Zypern kamen, beschrieben und sowohl typologisch als auch chronologisch klassifiziert. Kapitel 4 beschreibt die Steinwerkzeuge, und die Kapitel 5–7 präsentieren die Resultate der Atomabsorptionsanalysen von Kupfer- und Bronzeobjekten, die Untersuchungen der Flora und Fauna und die Ergebnisse der C-14 Datierungen. Kapitel 8 umfasst eine generelle Zusammenfassung der Resultate: Umweltfragen, die Art der Besiedlung, die Anzahl der Einwohner und die mögliche Verwaltung der Stadt, die Architektur der acht Besiedlungen der Mittel- und Spätbronzezeit, die Keramik, die Kleinfunde, Handel und Handelswege werden diskutiert. Eine revidierte Terminologie sowie eine relative und absolute Chronologie werden präsentiert. The multi-period town of Tell Abu al-Kharaz in the Trans-Jordanian Central Jordan Valley was excavated from 1989 to 2001 under the direction of the author. The town flourished during three main periods: the Early and Middle-Late Bronze Ages and the Iron Age. A long occupational lacuna occurred between the Early Bronze Age II and the second half of the Middle Bronze Age. The present publication is the third publication in a series and the first to deal with a Middle-Late Bronze Age settlement in Transjordan. Excavation and processing methods are described in detail in Chapter 1. Stratigraphy, architecture and pottery are presented as an integrated entity in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 presents typo-chronological conclusions and the diachronic development of common earthenware. The enigmatic Chocolate-on-White Ware, which can be regarded as Palestine's most sophisticated earthenware, and imported earthenware, mainly from Cyprus, are studied. Chapter 4 deals with the lithics, and Chapters 5–7 with atomic-absorption spectroscopy of copper and copper alloys, the climate, the fauna and flora, and radiocarbon datings. The final chapter, "Discussions and Conclusions", takes a detailed look at the general and specific environment, the settlement, the people and their administration as well as population statistics. This chapter also contains a synthesis of the architecture during the eight phases of the Middle and Late Bronze Age occupation, as well as of the pottery and small finds. A reconstruction of the town's economy, trade and trading routes is also presented. The chronological discussion includes a slightly revised terminology and periodization for the late Middle and Late Bronze Ages in addition to the discussion on relative and absolute chronology.

Volume II: The Middle and the Late Bronze Ages

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Peter M. Fischer

Produkte

"Sea Peoples" Up-to-Date

Tell Abu al-Kharaz in the Jordan Valley

Tell Abu al-Kharaz in the Jordan Valley

The Chronology of the Jordan Valley during the Middle and Bronze Ages: Pella, Tell Abu al-Kharaz, and Telle Deir'Alla

Tell Abu al-Kharaz in the Jordan Valley