According to Article 88 (3) Member States may not grant new aid before the commission has had the opportunity to examine the aid measure. The European Court of Justice has made clear that this provision is directly applicable. The same is true for the general prohibition of aid contained in Article 87 (1) once this provision has been applied to a specific aid measure by the commission in a formal decision. Direct applicability not only means that these provisions can be invoked by private...

This book deals with the transposition implementation into Austrian private law of the Directives of the European Union Directives concerning insurance law. These Directives have caused a great number of changes to Austrian insurance contract law. On a general level, they have introduced obligations to inform the persons insured and a right of the insured to withdraw from life insurance contracts in life insurance had to be established. Other changes concern particular branches of insurance. In...