VIRUS – Beiträge zur Sozialgeschichte der Medizin, Band 22
Schwerpunkt: Epidemie und Emotion
No.:
22
Year of the volume:
2023
Die Zeitschrift „Virus – Beiträge zur Sozialgeschichte der Medizin“ ist das Publikationsorgan des Vereins für Sozialgeschichte der Medizin und erscheint einmal jährlich. Sie versammelt wissenschaftliche Beiträge verschiedener Disziplinen, die sich mit Themen aus den Bereichen Medizin, Gesundheit und Krankheit in historischer, kultur- und/oder sozialwissenschaftlicher Perspektive empirisch auseinandersetzen. Der „Virus“ publiziert vornehmlich Beiträge mit Bezug zur Sozial- und Kulturgeschichte der Medizin in Österreich, dessen Nachbarländern sowie der ehemaligen Habsburgermonarchie.
Das aktuelle Schwerpunktheft, herausgegeben von Elisabeth Dietrich-Daum, Marina Hilber und Carlos Watzka, ist an der Schnittstelle von historischer Epidemiologie und Emotionsgeschichte angesiedelt. Die vergangene Corona-Pandemie hat uns vor Augen geführt, wie stark sich derartige gesellschaftliche Gesundheitskrisen auf sozio-kulturelle Abläufe, die Politik, Wirtschaft und auch unsere Psyche auswirken. Aus einer transdisziplinären Perspektive werden im Rahmen der präsentierten Originalarbeiten zunächst emotionale Reaktionen auf europäische Seuchenereignisse vom Hochmittelalter bis ins 20. Jahrhundert in den Blick genommen. Dabei stehen drei aufgrund ihres enormen Gefährdungspotenzials besonders gefürchtete Infektionskrankheiten im Zentrum des historischen Interesses: Pocken (Gröber, Lobenwein u. Taddei für Tirol; Watzka für die Bukowina), Cholera (Hammer-Luza für die Steiermark; Promitzer für Kärnten, Dietrich-Daum u. Heidegger für Tirol) und Influenza (Westermayer zur Russischen Grippe in Österreich-Ungarn, Behrisch u. Wehowski zur Spanischen Grippe in Breslau und Dresden). Die im Band vorgestellten Forschungs- und Projektberichte erweitern die räumliche sowie disziplinäre Perspektive auf das Thema: Von der Affektivität bei Pockenepidemien im Lateinamerika des 18. Jahrhunderts (Gabriel), über die Rolle von Emotionen im humanitären Diskurs nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg (Reichrath) sowie Musik und bildende Kunst als Techniken der Bewältigung traumatischer Epidemie-Erfahrungen (Herzfeld-Schild; Theising) bis hin zur Anwendung aktueller psychoanalytischer Forschungsstrategien (Löffler-Stastka, Stephenson u. Stephenson). Abschließend werden die Leser:innen in zehn Rezensionen über Neuerscheinungen aus dem Bereich der Sozial- und Kulturgeschichte der Medizin informiert.
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Ein Ausbruch von Seuche und Emotionen. Die synchrone Epidemie von 1259, der Vulkan Samalas und die Ursprünge der Geißlerbewegung
A series of synchronous epidemic outbreaks 1259 in Europe, but also in the Near East and East Asia, which have received scant attention so far, are reconstructed here for the first time. A previously little considered consequence of the late/mid 1250s Samalas eruption is proposed here as an explanation: increased UV-B radiation due to a temporary reduction in the ozone layer caused by geochemical processes following the volcanic eruption. The combined experience of disease, harvest failure, and political conflict, against the background of older penitential practices, are seen as the cause of the genesis of the flagellant movement in Perugia in the spring of 1260 and its success throughout Europe. The spectacular and largely enigmatic genesis of the flagellants’ emotionality and radicalism is thus given an environmental historical contextualization that has eluded previous historiography on the subject.
Keywords: Flagellants, Samalas, synchronicity, penitence, Emotion, Perugia, 13th century
Martin Bauch
Page 15 - 28
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Wessen Furcht? Wessen Zorn? (Konstruierte) Emotionen im Zusammenhang mit Pockenepidemien und Schutzpockenimpfung
This article explores the question of whether the regularly recurring smallpox epidemics in 19th century historical Tyrol, which corresponds to the territory of today’s European Region Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino, and the visible signs of the epidemic on the faces of those who had recovered, evoked emotions in everyday life. Furthermore, it aims to investigate the specific forms of these emotions and how they were socially perceived and understood. To shed light on these inquiries, selected print media from the 19th century with a focus on the 1870s from the Innsbruck/Tyrol area will be utilized as sources, offering insights into the urban context. Additionally, the medical records of Franz von Ottenthal (1818–1899), a private practitioner in South Tyrol, will be analysed to explore the rural context.
Keywords: Smallpox, Tyrol, epidemic, newspapers, Franz von Ottenthal (1818–1899), history of emotions, semantic analysis
Maximilian Gröber - Elisabeth Lobenwein - Elena Taddei
Page 29 - 46
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„Verdächtige Krankheits- und Todesfälle“. Die Cholera 1831/32 in der Steiermark
An attempt to get closer to the emotional world of ordinary people before and during the cholera epidemic of 1831/32 in the Duchy of Styria reveals many ambiguities and contradictions. Depending on the social location, regional origin, experiences and probably also individuality, different characteristics emerge. It is generally noticeable that the crisis often brought a reinforcement of already existing conflicts and rejections, be it exclusions of marginalised groups and minorities in the wake of blame or the impression of being pushed back and neglected in the province vis-à-vis the central authorities in Vienna. There was also a certain adherence to traditional methods of defence, even if they proved ineffective; this illusion of stability probably provided a certain security. The dominant feelings in dealing with the disease were, of course, fear and worry. The paradoxical impression here is that fear was aroused on the part of the authorities as long as cholera had not yet reached the country and only vague images of horror were circulating. On the contrary, when the disease actually made its appearance, authorities tried to calm and appease the situation again, which could go as far as outright suppression. The bottom line is that the cholera of 1831/32 hardly imprinted itself into the collective memory of Styria and was soon forgotten again.
Keywords: Styria, 19th century, cholera, epidemic, crisis management, exclusion
Elke Hammer-Luza
Page 47 - 66
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Vorwegnahme und Ernstfall: Emotionale Regime in den Jahren der zweiten Cholerapandemie am Beispiel Kärntens
Contrary to other Austrian regions, the province of Carinthia was spared from cholera in the year of 1831; however, the epidemic would cost the lives of several hundred local inhabitants in 1836. The paper concentrates on the predominant emotions of the population and the emotional regimes deployed by the regional and local authorities who wanted to ensure optimal sanitary conditions and deter possible unruliness among the population. Between 1831 and 1836 the preventive policies against the pandemic changed from addressing cholera as a contagious disease towards its treatment as a miasmatic one. Instead of quarantines, cordons, and concomitant terrifying images of barren landscapes as of 1831, now dietetics, a healthy lifestyle, and a sound balance of emotions formed the focus of prevention, which in turn signified the – at the time not undisputed – access point for hygienic reform among the rural population, which is otherwise known by the term “medicalization”.
Keywords: cholera, Carinthia, Vormärz, emotions, fear, charity
Christian Promitzer
Page 67 - 88
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„Nirgends sieht man Beistand“. Sinnlich-emotionale Herausforderungen in der Pflege von Cholerakranken in den 1830er Jahren
Cholera reached the gates of Vienna in August 1831 and continued to afflict the east and south of the Austrian monarchy with varying intensity until 1837. The first advisory books were published in the fall of 1831 and addressed the emotions triggered by the new epidemic and, in the centuries-old tradition of dietetics for body and soul, problematized the dangerous effects of fear and terror for the healthy and the sick. Against this backdrop, this article explores the role and significance attributed to emotions in the nursing and treatment of cholera patients during the first wave. How, for example, were fear, repulsion, and disgust thematized and evaluated in the course of the perception of crisis and disaster? How was it possible to lay hands on the sick (or dead) body, and how were feelings of fear or disgust suppressed in the process of care? In order to explore such questions, the article connects with new research that argues for a combination of sensory and emotional-historical approaches. The findings may also contribute to a discussion of perceived emotionalities and sensory experiences in the face of ordered/ overwhelming caregiving relationships during the current pandemic.
Keywords: cholera, Austria, history of nursing, history of emotions, fear, disgust, sensory history, 1830s
Page 89 - 108
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„Haben Sie schon Ihre Influenza gehabt?“ – Österreich-Ungarn im Gefühlsreigen der Russischen Grippe 1889–1895
The Russian Flu not only claimed many lives but also affected public sentiment in various ways. This article examines the emotional responses to the pandemic in Austria-Hungary, drawing primarily on press sources from 1889 to 1895. The new disease initially triggered a mixture of confusion and the need for information which quickly gave way to fear, pity, and resignation, along with exhaustion, depression, and lack of energy. The pandemic also sparked political discontent and economic stress, as well as hostility. Several contemporaries expressed dissatisfaction with some of the press coverage of the disease, accusing journalists of sowing public insecurity. Anti-Semites used this criticism to lash out at Jews once again. Yet, most of the resentment seems to have been directed at the medical profession which could do little to remedy the situation. For some, humor was a way to cope with the disease.
Keywords: Russian Flu, influenza pandemic, sentiment, history of emotions, Austria-Hungary, 1889–1895
Noah Westermayer
Page 109 - 126
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Zwischen Angst und Gleichgültigkeit. Emotionen während der Spanischen Grippe in Breslau und Dres
The autumn of 1918 was a period of multiple crises in Breslau and Dresden. Both cities suffered from malnutrition and economic decline while the last hopes to win the war faded away. In addition, they were hit by a violent outbreak of the Spanish flu, which worsened the situation. The influenza had massive consequences for the cities health system and infrastructure due to many cases of severe illnesses. Since Berlin gave no instructions on how to deal with the health crises, the municipal administrations needed to decide for themselves. Meanwhile the emotional state of the population switched between fear and indifference. The uneven policies against the outbreak of the flu caused confusion, chaos, and resistance in the population. Ultimately the Spanish Flu was overshadowed by the upheaval during the end of the monarchy and the establishment of the new republic. The remembrance of the epidemic was largely pushed back into private memory.
Keywords: Spanish flu, Breslau, Dresden, Influenza, emotions, 1918/19
Hans-Martin Behrisch - Matthäus Wehowski
Page 127 - 144
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Patriarchal zeal for purity and maternal affection for infants. Anti-vaccinationism in the religious community of Lipovans in Bukovina around 1900 and the cessation of the last smallpox epidemic in the Habsburg Empire before WWI
Widespread vaccination campaigns had already led to the near eradication of smallpox in the Habsburg Monarchy of the late 19th century, when a new surge of infections attracted the attention of both the authorities and medical experts. The specific source of the renewed spread of the virus in 1898 was soon suspected to be the religious minority of the Lipovans in Bukovina, a small community of Russian origin known for its very traditional, ascetic and isolated lifestyle. The Lipovans were notorious deniers of civil registration and professional medicine, especially vaccinations. The concept of “purity” played a major emotional role in the Lipovan belief system, and was linked to a specific abhorrence of mixing human and animal blood. Instead of medicine, the members of the community claimed to trust in God alone, so that cases of illness were even concealed and contacts with external medical experts were avoided. In 1898, this behaviour led to a regional epidemic that particularly affected the Lipovans’ unvaccinated infants. The regional authorities were slow and negligent in dealing with this health threat. Within the religious community, however, the devastating epidemic eventually led to a reorientation: according to the report of the district physician Dr. Josef Perl, several Lipovan women had their surviving children vaccinated “secretly”, and the immunity thus gained acted as a positive example for others.
Keywords: Prevention, Smallpox, anti-vaccinationism, history of emotions, Bukovina, Habsburg Monarchy
Page 145 - 172
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Kolonialherrschaft, Pocken und Emotionen im bourbonischen Oaxaca
In 1796/1797, Oaxaca (New Spain) was once again hit by a smallpox epidemic. Authorities implemented an anti-contagion regime that included bans on private travel or quarantine of communities. Almost two decades earlier, Guatemalan administrators had fought smallpox by introducing an inoculation strategy. Differing from measures in Guatemala, Oaxacan policies still drew from a “modernist” approach to hygiene and public order. The state aimed at strengthening its position by transforming traditional structures or healthcare practices, but many inhabitants, male and female, resisted. While some criticized orders as being detrimental to the export economy, other elements of resistance were characterized as “emotional”. Mothers wanted to care for their offspring instead of leaving them in the care of administrators. Clerics, building on traditions of Marian devotion, supported the women. In the end, however, indigenous resistance should not be understood as irrational defiance against new medical practices, but rather as a trial in self-determination.
Keywords: Colonialism, emotions, epidemics, inoculation, New Spain, Smallpox, 18th century
Martin Gabriel
Page 173 - 184
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Viele kranke Kinder – emotives Tun bei Jane Addams und Dr. Alice Hamilton im Kontext humanitärer Hilfe nach Ende des Ersten Weltkrieges
This report reconstructs ‘doing emotions’ – a praxeological concept of emotion – in a 1919 travel report by the social reformers Jane Addams and Dr. Alice Hamilton that is concerned with advocating humanitarian aid. This report on the social situation of the civilian population in Germany was written after the end of the First World War. It provides revealing insights into the realities of life with special regards to the situation of children in 1918/1919. The report predominantly highlights the distressing situation of children who were at particular risk of illness and suffering because of starvation and infectious diseases. After a brief introduction to the history of Addams and Hamilton’s work, this paper will discuss Addams’ method of ‘sympathetic understanding’ in praxeological terms on the basis of the travel report.
Keywords: Aftermath of World War I, doing emotions, Women’s Movement, sympathetic understanding, Jane Addams, relief efforts, Germany
Philipp Reichrath
Page 185 - 196
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GOING VIRAL: Music and Emotions during Pandemics (1679–1919)
This project provides a comparative history of the imbrication of music in the emotional experiences of pandemics. It develops a conceptualisation and methodology for studying music and emotions across history, generates historical knowledge about music’s emotional dimensions in three major pandemics – the Bubonic Plague, Cholera and Spanish Flu –, highlighting both difference and continuity and provides a solid conceptual, methodological and historical foundation for comparative studies on music, emotions and pandemics across a vast range of disciplines. The results will not only be applicable in related historical settings but also enable a meaningful interdisciplinary discourse with the Social and Natural Sciences about music and emotions in pandemics, including Covid-19.
Keywords: Pandemics, Music, emotions, 17th century, 19th century, 20th century, Western Europe, Vienna
Marie Louise Herzfeld-Schild
Page 197 - 206
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„Wendet Wut, Angst, Kummer in Aktivität.“ Zur Dialektik von Emotionen und Pragmatismus in der AIDS-Aktivistenkunst der 1980er und 1990er Jahre in New York City
In 1988, the exhibition “ACT UP at White Columns”, a gallery in NYC, caused a sensation. ACT UP is a political movement that has fought against homophobia in society and politics and for adequate public education on AIDS as well as better medical care for HIV-positive and AIDS patients ever since 1987. An integral part of this movement was the work of artists, who, in an artistically condensed form, expressed the demand to break the silence of political leaders and not to be paralyzed by the overwhelming emotions caused by the AIDS crisis. In the following, the role of the artists in dealing constructively and successfully with the dialectic of emotions and pragmatism during the AIDS crisis will be evaluated by contrasting selected individual and collective works.
Keywords: AIDS activist art, heteronormativity, queer, New York City, 20th century, ACT UP NYC, Fierce Pussy, Gran Fury, SILENCE=DEATH
Gisela Theising
Page 207 - 224
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Zur Akzeptanz von Begrenzung und der komplexen Funktion der Affekte
In times of uncertainty, epistemic trust is deeply afflicted. Affective holding, reflection and mentalized affectivity are necessary for containment of affect-cognitive disruptions. The mind’s ability to interact, assess the external world’s reality, and integrate new experiences into existing conceptions is determined by the affective load the respective interplay assigned. Gaining a picture of the world at an acceptable reliability level requires a curious mind and openness for a discursive dispute with encountered findings. The acceptance of boundaries and limitations is essential in this context.
Keywords: Contagion, post-normal societal state, affect-logical interface, epistemic trust
Henriette Löffler-Stastka
Page 225 - 236
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Was nicht erinnert werden darf, muss wiederholt werden. Individualpsychologische und psychotherapiewissenschaftliche Gedanken zu Interdependenzen von biografisch-historischem und menschheitsgeschichtlich-historischem Wiederholungszwang
Psychotherapy science is concerned with psychotherapeutic situations and the study of social conditions that affect or promote mental health. This article focuses in particular on research into the socio-cultural factors that influence people on an individual and societal level. The focus on the psychodynamic phenomenon of repetition compulsion is here extended to social phenomena by considering family, socio-cultural, geopolitical and historical contexts. A prominent example is the role of populist reactions to the Corona pandemic, which reinforced regressive tendencies and divisions within society through the loss of the establishment’s containing function and through destructive containing of anti-establishment groups.
Keywords: mental health, Corona pandemic, socio-cultural factors, repetition compulsion, destructive containing
Agnes Stephenson - Thomas Stephenson
Page 237 - 245
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[Rez.] Marina Hilber / Elena Taddei, Hg., In fürstlicher Nähe – Ärzte bei Hof (1450–1800) (= Innsbrucker Historische Studien 33, Innsbruck 2021: Innsbruck University Press)
Annemarie Kinzelbach
Page 246 - 248
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[Rez.] Robert Offner / Thomas Șindilariu, Hg., Schwarzer Tod und Pestabwehr im frühneuzeitlichen Hermannstadt (= Quellen zur Geschichte der Stadt Hermannstadt 6, Bonn 2021: Schiller Verlag)
Christina Vanja
Page 249 - 251
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[Rez.] Gerhard Ammerer / Carlos Watzka, Der Teufel in Graz. Besessenheit und Exorzismus am innerösterreichischen Habsburgerhof 1599/1600 (= Quellen zur geschichtlichen Landeskunde der Steiermark 32, Graz u. a. 2021: Leykam Buchverlag)
Christian M. König
Page 252 - 254
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[Rez.] Marcel Chahrour, Der Medizinische Orient. Wien und die Begegnung der europäischen Medizin mit dem Osmanischen Reich (1800–1860) (= MedGG Beiheft 81, Stuttgart 2022: Franz Steiner Verlag)
Sabine Jesner
Page 255 - 256
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[Rez.] Henrik Essler, Krankheit gestalten. Eine Berufsgeschichte der Moulagenbildnerei (Bielefeld 2022: transcript Verlag)
Victoria Morick
Page 257 - 259
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[Rez.] Jill Gossmann, Mediziner und die Erziehung der «Massen». Gesundheitspädagogische Diskurse in der Weimarer Republik (Baden Baden 2022: Tectum Verlag)
Pierre Pfütsch
Page 260 - 262
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[Rez.] Michaela Maria Hintermayr, Suizid und Geschlecht in der Moderne. Wissenschaft, Medien und Individuum (Österreich 1870–1970) (Berlin–Boston 2022: de Gruyter Verlag)
Page 263 - 266
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[Rez.] Debora Frommeld, Die Personenwaage. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte und Soziologie der Selbstvermessung (Bielefeld 2019: transcript Verlag)
Daniela Hahn
Page 267 - 270
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[Rez.] Aurelia Ehrensperger, Atem-Wege. Erkundungen zu Luftverschmutzung, Atemnot und Achtsamkeit (= Zürcher Beiträge zur Alltagskultur 25, Zürich 2020: Chronos Verlag)
Barbara Wittmann
Page 271 - 273
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[Rez.] Maria Bühner / Rebekka Rinner / Teresa Tammer / Katja Töpfer, Hg., Sexualitäten sammeln. Ansprüche und Widersprüche im Museum (= Schriften des Deutschen Hygiene Museums, Dresden 15, Wien–Köln 2021: Böhlau Verlag)
Friedrich H. Moll
Page 274 - 277
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Vereinsinformationen
Page 278 - 279
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Edition:
978-3-7001-9579-5, eJournal, Digital, 28.12.2023
Pages:
279 Pages
Language:
German
DOI (Link to Online Edition):