NEU
Ägypten und Levante XXXV / Egypt and the Levant XXXV (2025)
Internationale Zeitschrift für ägyptische Archäologie und deren Nachbargebiete / International Journal for Egyptian Archaeology and Related Disciplines
Nummer:
XXXV
Jahrgang:
2025
Die internationale und interdisziplinär ausgerichtete Zeitschrift „Ägypten und Levante“, die einmal jährlich im Druck und online erscheint, wurde im Jahr 1990 von Manfred Bietak begründet, um den Forschungen zu den Kulturkontakten zwischen Ägypten und seinen Nachbarländern eine Publikationsplattform zu bieten. Das Themenfeld der Zeitschrift umfasst Berichte zu archäologischen Grabungen in Ägypten und dem gesamten Vorderen Orient mit dem Sudan, wie auch Artikel zu allen Aspekten der ägyptischen und nahöstlichen Archäologie, Geschichts- und Kulturwissenschaft. Der Fokus liegt auf der pharaonischen Zeit, jedoch sind sowohl Beiträge zur Ur- und Frühgeschichte der genannten Regionen wie auch zur nachpharaonischen Antike möglich, ebenso zu naturwissenschaftlichen Themen.
Band 35 (2025) beginnt mit einem Vorbericht der Polnisch-Slowakischen Grabungen 2023 und 2024 in Tell el-Retaba. Daran schließen sich 15 Artikel von großer thematischer Bandbreite, d.s. eine Studie zum „Abnormalen hieratisch“ (H. Abdellatif), zur Landschaftsarchäologie im Sudanesischen Niltal (Budka et al.), ein Beitrag zur Diskussion um Megiddo und Thutmosis III (R. Bonfil), zu „Burial Kits“ in der südlichen Levante (S. Cohen), zu Blemmyer-Bestattungen in Berenike am Roten Meer (M. Gwiazda et al.), zum Beitrag von Dürren zum Niedergang des Hethiterreichs (G. Hagens), zu „Beer-Jars“ aus Tell el-Murra (M. Kazimierczek et al.), zu einem Salbgefäß mit Erwähnung eines Sothisaufgangs (R. Krauss), zu tragbaren Schreinen (M. Mumcuoglu). Es folgt Teil II einer Studie zu Proto-Sinaitischen Inschriften (H. Parker), die Untersuchung eines Metallbohrers aus der Negadezeit (M. Odler, J. Kmošek), eine Studie zur 14. Dynastie (J. Posch), zu dem Namensbestandteil „Maat“ im AR (G. Shapira), zu einem TY-Krug mit einem plastischem Frauenkopf (S. Shammas) sowie zu Krokodilsdarstellungen im prädynastischen Ägypten (D. Thompson).
Details
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Inhaltsverzeichnis
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Produktdetails
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Autor:innen / Herausgeber:innen
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Schlagworte
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weiterführende Links, Online Edition
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Produktsicherheit
Abkürzungen/Abbreviations
Seite 9 - 10
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Vorwort für das Herausgebergremium/ Preface on behalf of the Editorial Board
Seite 11 - 14 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL35s11
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[Grabungsvorbericht/Preliminary Report] The Story of People, Animals, Soil and Figurines. Recent Discoveries from Tell el-Retaba (Second Intermediate Period to Ptolemaic Period, Seasons 2023 and 2024)
The field archaeological research at the site of Tell el-Retaba in the Wadi Tumilat in the eastern Nile Delta has once again yielded numerous interesting finds that enhance our understanding of life at this location, which was inhabited from at least the Second Intermediate Period through to the Ptolemaic Period. During the 2023 and 2024 seasons, the archaeological work focused on Areas 4 and 7, building upon previous investigations. Research in the southern part of Area 7 clarified certain aspects of the settlement and cemetery from the Second Intermediate Period, yielding remarkable discoveries of animal burials and revealing a few buildings from the 18th Dynasty. In the northern part, related to Areas 4 and 7, intensive archaeological and pedological (soil) surveys were conducted due to the presence of a recent construction pit. In this pit, several structures, possibly connected to the Ramesside fortifications, were identified. An extensive elongated depression filled with anthropogenic material, unearthed at the border of the tell, may have also functioned as a water canal. One of the most surprising outcomes of the two seasons was the concentration of finds, particularly terracotta figurines from the Ptolemaic Period.
Schlagworte: Second Intermediate Period, New Kingdom, Ramesside Period, Late Period, Ptolemaic Period, fortifications, water canal, soil survey, coroplastic, amulets, animal burials, imported pottery
Veronika Verešová - Lucia Hulková - Jozef Hudec - Emil Fulajtár - Ján Marko - Anna Wodzińska - Ania Weźranowska - Mohamed Kassab
Seite 15 - 82 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL35s15
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When Hieratic Went Abnormal: A Script at the Threshold of Demotic
This paper examines the origins, development and functions of Abnormal Hieratic, tracing its use across legal and non-legal contexts and its diffusion beyond Thebes to sites such as Saqqara, the Fayoum, Herakleopolis, Elephantine, Dakhleh Oasis, and Qasr Ibrim. Two principal phases can be distinguished: an early administrative stage (21st–22nd Dynasties) and a later stage (25th–26th Dynasties), when the script became the standard medium for contracts of marriage, sale, loan, and donation. Beyond its administrative and legal applications, Abnormal Hieratic is also attested in letters, and religious and literary texts, thus highlighting its broader cultural significance. Evidence from northern Egypt, including the Protocol of Sheshonq I (22nd Dynasty), a 26th Dynasty witness-copy contract, a fragmentary late hieratic divination papyrus (26th Dynasty), and early Demotic letters, illuminates the development of Cursive scripts in northern Egypt and calls for a reassessment of the place of Abnormal Hieratic within that trajectory. The scarcity of documents in northern Egypt has long limited our understanding of these Cursive traditions, but the growing corpus promises new insights into their development. Rather than representing a purely Theban phenomenon, Abnormal Hieratic emerges as equally embedded in northern scribal culture, where it developed naturally out of late hieratic under the influence of regional practices.
Schlagworte: Abnormal Hieratic, administrative texts, Demotic, Late Period, legal/non-legal documents, 21st–26th Dynasties
Hasnaa Abdellatif
Seite 83 - 100 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL35s83
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Investigating Human-Environment Interactions in the Middle Nile: The Contribution of Archaeometric Techniques to Understanding Landscape Use and Social Practices in Bronze Age Sudan
This paper presents case studies from our recent investigation of landscape properties in the MUAFS concession area in northern Sudan and associated material remains, including materials from Sai Island, the main urban site of this region in Upper Nubia. It tackles various geoarchaeological methods and geological techniques, including rock sampling and petrographic analysis of sandstones, highlighting the potential of these methodologies to reconstruct past landscapes and patterns of mobility. The material culture, especially ceramics, is analysed from a multi-perspective approach that incorporates a range of different scientific methods: the project integrates compositional bulk analysis (INAA) with mineralogical (XRD) and petrographic data via optical microscopy (OM) to examine the physical properties, provenance and technology of production of the ceramic samples as well as Raman spectroscopy to determine the range of temperatures reached by the ceramics during firing. Overall, this paper highlights how advances in landscape archaeology and the archaeometry of material culture are expanding our understanding of the significant ecological and social transformations in the Bronze Age Middle Nile. We argue that this combined analytical approach, applied to the case study of the Attab to Ferka region, can be successfully extended to other regions worldwide.
Schlagworte: Sudan, Bronze Age, Landscape Archaeology, geoarchaeology, resources, raw materials, Environment, Archaeometry, ceramics, material culture
Julia Budka - Fabian Dellefant - Giulia D’Ercole - H. Albert Gilg - Rosemarie Klemm - Johannes H. Sterba
Seite 101 - 134 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL35s101
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«Then my majesty permitted them to go to their cities». The Material Correlates of Thutmose III’s Campaign in the Jezreel Valley
Many settlements in the Jezreel Valley, both urban and rural in nature, demonstrate a significant break at the end of the Middle Bronze Age II, evidenced by the sudden termination of a continuous Middle Bronze Age material culture. This breakdown corresponds to the end of Megiddo Stratum X, YoqneꜤam Stratum XXI, and Tel Qashish Stratum VIII, after which new settlements were built that were entirely different. These new settlements were unfortified and contained pottery assemblages that departed from the known Middle Bronze II repertoire and were typical of Late Bronze Age I (Megiddo IX, YoqneꜤam XX, and Tel Qashish VIIB). This article shows that the transition between these two distinctive occupational and cultural phases should be attributed to the campaign of Thutmose III in the Jezreel Valley, despite recent claims negating this conclusion.
Schlagworte: Jezreel Valley, Yokne’am, Tel Qashish, Megiddo, Middle Bronze Age II (MB II), Late Bronze Age I (LB I), Chronology, Thutmose III campaign to Megiddo
Ruhama Bonfil
Seite 135 - 160 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL35s135
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Middle Bronze Age Southern Levantine Mortuary Traditions and the “Burial Kit”
Mortuary data from the Middle Bronze Age (MBA) in the southern Levant is well-known and well-documented. In examining these materials, many analyses seek to identify a burial or funeral “kit”- defined as a standardized grouping of material culture deposited with deceased individuals - and often understand the “kit” as an essential component of MBA mortuary traditions. However, the concept of the “kit” relies on several unsubstantiated assumptions regarding association, applicability, commonality, and materiality in mortuary data. This paper examines the intellectual concept of the “kit”, analyzes these assumptions inherent within the model, and subsequently evaluates its use for understanding mortuary traditions in the southern Levantine Middle Bronze Age.
Schlagworte: burial kit, funeral kit, Middle Bronze Age, southern Levant, mortuary data
Susan Cohen
Seite 161 - 174 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL35s161
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Excavations in the Northwestern Cemetery of Blemmyan Berenike (Eastern Desert of Egypt) in 2023 and 2024
Excavations carried out in 2023–2024 at the northwestern cemetery (N1–N2) of Berenike on Egypt’s Eastern Desert have yielded important new evidence for the funerary practices of the Blemmyan population in the post-Roman period (late 4th–early 6th centuries CE). The investigation combined a magnetic survey with targeted excavations, leading to the discovery of numerous chamber tombs and shaft graves. Although architecturally diverse, these tombs demonstrate strong functional consistency: both types were designed for multiple burials in contracted positions and included designated ritual spaces with offerings such as flagons, bowls, amphorae, and altars. The results show that burial customs at Berenike differed from contemporary funerary traditions of Egypt and Nubia. The findings underscore the complex, multi-layered identity of the Blemmyan community, highlighting their distinctive mortuary practices alongside their openness to broader religious and cultural influences.
Schlagworte: Egypt, Eastern Desert, post-Roman period, Blemmyes, graves, tombs
Mariusz Gwiazda - Sana Chowdhry - Tomasz Herbich - Jakub Mosiejczyk - Emilia Smagur
Seite 175 - 199 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL35s175
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Fifteen Significant Droughts: Radiocarbon Dating and the Last Years of the Hittite Kingdom – Version 2
Examination of data available in a recent radiocarbon and dendro chronological study of an Anatollian tree which grew during the 13th to 12th centuries BCE, here leads to the argument that a series of fifteen significant droughts was the principal contribution to the century long decline and fall of the Hittite kingdom. This hypothesis also offers an improved understanding of the well known dysfunctionality experienced during the last decades of that kingdom, and its contemporaneous Late Bronze Age neighbours.
Schlagworte: Ancient radiocarbon dendro dating and precision, Ugarit Sea People destruction, Hittite last century decline and collapse, Homer’sTroy, Ramses II-Hittite “Eternal Treaty”, Tudhaliya IV trials, multi-century Late Bronze Age drought frequency
Graham Hagens
Seite 201 - 212 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL35s201
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Beer Jars from Tell el-Murra – Preliminary Results of Typological and Petrographic Analyses
The article concerns beer jars from the Tell el-Murra site. Its essential element is the results of petrographic analyses of selected fragments of this type of vessels. The material included in the analysis consists of examples from both the settlement and the cemetery dated to the Early Dynastic period and the Old Kingdom. Preliminary results are presented regarding the production technology of this group of vessels, raw material, type of a temper, temperature of firing, the results of comparisons between selected samples from the same type and different types of jars, the same context, one period and between samples from different contexts and from different chronological periods. The aim is to provide initial observations of this group of jars from Tell el-Murra, as a starting point – the first group of samples, for further petrographic analyses that would cover more than one site. Thus, the article sets out paths for expanding the scope of research on the technological issues of the discussed type of vessels.
Schlagworte: Pottery, beer jars, Early Dynastic, Old Kingdom, Tell el-Murra, settlement, cemetery, graves, petrographic analyses
Magdalena Kazimierczak - Mariusz A. Jucha - Mary Ownby
Seite 213 - 234 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL35s213
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Archäologische Sammlung der Universität Zürich Inv. 5821: Inscribed Egyptian Vessel with a Reference to the Annual Rise of Sirius
The existence of the inscribed ointment vessel Zuerich AS 5821 was first made known in 2015. For the vessel itself a dating to Dyn. V was proposed; the Sothic rising mentioned in the inscription was interpreted as referring to the OK. In 2022, a re-examination resulted in a MK date for the vessel and the respective Sothic rising as well.
Schlagworte: ointment vessel, Old and Middle Kingdom chronology, Sothic chronology
Rolf Krauss
Seite 235 - 242 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL35s235
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From Temple Naos to Portable Shrine in the Levant and Naophorous in Egypt
The article provides an analysis of ancient Near Eastern religious artifacts, focusing specifically on the evolution of temple models and portable shrines across different cultures, in both the Levant and Egypt. It argues that Egyptian portable shrines and naophoroi, which were previously overlooked in scholarship, are functionally similar to the Levantine model shrines. Both served as symbolic representations of the dwelling places of gods. The presence of deity statues in the naophoroi are a clear indication of the use of temple models that were found in various temples and religious contexts in the Levant. The widespread distribution of such models suggests that they were part of ritual practices, serving as votive offerings or substitutes for larger temple structures in public and personal worship.
Schlagworte: Portable shrine, Naophorous, Naos
Madeleine Mumcuoglu
Seite 243 - 270 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL35s243
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The Proto-Sinaitic Inscriptions at Serabit el-Khadim in Their Archaeological Context. Part II: Arguments for Various Late Chronologies
This article is the second part of a previous article (Parker 2022); it reviews the evidence for various New Kingdom dates that have been proposed for the Serabit el-Khadim. Two sherds dated to the New Kingdom, associated with Mine L, have been used to argue that the Sinai inscriptions date to that period. The evidence for Semitic speakers during New Kingdom expeditions turns out to be vanishingly thin. Hamilton argued rightly for a Middle Kingdom date for the invention of the alphabet but uses a shaky ladder of palaeographic development to argue for a sustained use over a period of six hundred years. Finally, a review of Sass’s attempts at redating the invention of the alphabet to c. 1300 BCE shows them to be unnecessary and contradicted by old and new finds.
Schlagworte: Serabit el-Khadim, Proto-Sinaitic, Semitic Language, Egyptian Chronology
Hope Parker
Seite 271 - 288 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL35s271
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The Earliest Metal Drill of Naqada IID Dating
This study presents a reassessment of the earliest known metal drill from Egypt, the copperalloy artefact 1924.948 A (Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, The University of Cambridge) from Badari, datable to Naqada IID. Originally published by Guy Brunton but long neglected due to insufficient documentation, the object has been re-examined through microscopic and compositional analysis. The drill exhibits clear evidence of rotary motion and retains remnants of a leather thong, identifying it as part of a bow drill mechanism. Portable X-ray fluorescence analysis revealed a highly unusual CuAsNi material with the addition of silver and lead, suggesting either long-distance exchange networks or underexplored Eastern Desert ore sources. The article situates the Badari drill within the broader context of Egyptian craft technologies, tracing the development and depiction of bow drills from the Predynastic through the New Kingdom. The technological continuity observed across nearly two millennia stresses the enduring utility of the bow drill and accentuates its significance in both woodworking and bead production. This re-evaluation not only enriches our understanding of early Egyptian tool use but also raises intriguing questions about early metallurgical knowledge and interregional interactions in the ancient Near East.
Schlagworte: Naqada culture, Predynastic period, ancient Egyptian technology, Archaeometallurgy, bow drill, rotary motion, Badari
Martin Odler - Jiří Kmošek
Seite 289 - 306 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL35s289
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The Almost Forgotten Kings. A Critical Assessment of the 14th Dynasty
The 14th Dynasty has rarely been examined in its own right, as only a small number of contemporaneous sources can be associated with it. This article investigates these sources, the later kinglists, and modern Egyptological assumptions about this dynasty. In addition to new readings and interpretations of the Royal Canon of Turin, a revised chronological positioning of the 14th Dynasty in relation to other dynasties of the Second Intermediate Period is proposed on the basis of three typological groups of scarabs.
Schlagworte: Second Intermediate Period, 14th dynasty, Hyksos, Chronology
Julian Posch
Seite 307 - 350 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL35s307
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Maat is High: Theophoric Names Featuring Maat in the Late Old Kingdom Revisited
The study aims to present and reexamine the corpus of private theophoric names incorporating Maat’s name in the Late Old Kingdom (Dynasties 5 and 6), a formative period during which the concept of Maat was greatly elaborated and developed. I discuss some aspects concerning the chronological, spatial, and social distribution of the names. Finally, I address the question of Maat’s divinity during this period by analyzing the patterns and parallels of the names, as well as the orthography of Maat’s name. Some attention is also given to her relationship with various deities, comparing data from personal names and other textual corpora from the Old Kingdom.
Schlagworte: Maat, Old Kingdom, Theophoric Names
Guy Shapira
Seite 351 - 382 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL35s351
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The Lady of Jericho. New Insights into the Female-Headed Tell el-Yahudiyeh Ware Jug and the Iconography of the Middle Bronze Age in the Levant
This article examines the female-headed Tell el-Yahudiyeh Ware jug from Jericho and provides a thorough description, including its typology, dating, and interpretation of its use. This distinctive vessel not only features a sculptured anthropomorphic head but also displays a figurative scene on its body. The figures incised on the body, documented in new drawings in unprecedented detail, include a male figure, birds, and other animals. These elements are analysed in depth and compared with the iconographic evidence from the Second Millennium BCE Levant, found in media such as cylinder seals, bone inlays, and wall paintings. While the discussion of the female head and the incised scene on the vessel suggests themes of fertility, it is impossible to prove that the female figure represents a deity.
Schlagworte: Tell el-Yahudiyeh Ware, female-headed vessel, Middle Bronze Age iconography, hunting scene, figural decoration, Jericho, southern Levant
Samar Shammas
Seite 383 - 406 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL35s383
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The Nile Crocodile in Predynastic Egypt: Scenes of Conflict and Exclusion
Crocodiles were important motifs in the “order over chaos” iconography of Predynastic Egyptians. On some White cross-lined vessels they are depicted in scenes that are customarily interpreted as hunts, while explanations for others are varied. This paper suggests that Egyptians erected palisades to keep crocodiles away from areas of water for human use, and these are depicted on White crosslined ware to symbolise order over chaos.
Schlagworte: Predynastic Egypt, White cross-lined, crocodiles, hunting, enclosures
David Thompson
Seite 407 - 426 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/AEundL35s407
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Ausgabe:
978-3-7001-5084-8, Zeitschriftenausgabe, broschiert, 09.03.2026
Ausgabe:
978-3-7001-5085-5, E-Journal, PDF, nicht barrierefrei, 09.03.2026
Seitenzahl:
425 Seiten
Format:
29,7x21cm
Abbildungen:
zahlr. Farb- und s/w-Abbildungen, Tabellen, Skizzen
Sprache:
Englisch
DOI (Link zur Online Edition):
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