Beiträge zur Rechtsgeschichte Österreichs, 8. Jahrgang, Heft 2/2018
Normsetzung im Notstand. Außerordentliche Gesetzungsbefugnisse im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert
Nummer:
8
Jahrgang:
2018
Heft:
2
1. Auflage, 2018
Thomas OLECHOWSKI, Wien
Normsetzung im Notstand. Zur Einführung
Christian NESCHWARA, Wien
Gesetzgebungsbefugnisse der Exekutive im Verfassungsstaat
Notverordnungsrechte im Kaisertum Österreich von 1848 bis 1867
Helmut GEBHARDT, Graz
Die Praxis des § 14-Notverordnungsrechts von 1868 bis 1914
Anita ZIEGERHOFER, Graz
Die zweite Hochblüte des § 14
Die Zeit während des Ersten Weltkrieges in der österreichischen Reichshälfte
Kamila STAUDIGL-CIECHOWICZ, Wien
Das Kriegswirtschaftliche Ermächtigungsgesetz 1917
Von seiner Entstehung 1917 bis zu seiner Aufhebung 1946
Ilse REITER-ZATLOUKAL, Wien
Von der Demokratie zur Diktatur
Das Kriegswirtschaftliche Ermächtigungsgesetz in der Ersten Republik
Gerald KOHL, Wien
Die außerordentliche Gesetzgebung im Rahmen der Genfer Protokolle
Theorie und Praxis des „außerordentlichen Kabinettsrates“ 1922–1924
Martin F. POLASCHEK, Graz Das KwEG als Wegbereiter des autoritären Ständestaates
Stephan G. HINGHOFER-SZALKAY, Graz
Richterliche Rechtsnormvernichtung im Notstand
Verfassungsgerichtsbarkeit und Notverordnung
Helmut WOHNOUT, Wien
Das Ermächtigungsgesetz 1934 und seine Handhabung im autoritären Österreich
Ewald WIEDERIN, Wien
Das Notverordnungsrecht des Bundespräsidenten
Christoph GUSY, Bielefeld
Ermächtigungsgesetzgebung in Deutschland zwischen Monarchie und Republik
Thomas KRÖLL, Wien
Il Governo legislatore –
Regierungsgesetzgebung im Königreich Italien (1848–1922–1943)
Marcin KWIECIEŃ, Krakau
Ausnahmezustände im Rechtssystem der II. Polnischen Republik
Jaromír TAUCHEN, Brünn
Ermächtigungsgesetzgebung in der Tschechoslowakei
Attila BARNA, Győr
Im Wendekreis von Notstand und Ausnahmsgewalt
Politische Umbruchszeiten und außerordentliche Normsetzungsbefugnisse in Ungarn am Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts
Airton SEELAENDER, Brasília
Zwischen Gesetzeskraft und Verfassungswidrigkeit
Die Verordnungen der revolutionären „provisorischen Regierung“
(1930–1934) und der Streit um ihre Bedeutung für die brasilianische Rechtsordnung
Details
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Inhaltsverzeichnis
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Produktdetails
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Autor:innen / Herausgeber:innen
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Schlagworte
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weiterführende Links, Online Edition
Begrüßung durch den Präsidenten des Verfassungsgerichtshofes
Seite 223 - 226 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/BRGOE2018-2s223
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Vorwort der Herausgeber
Seite 227 - 228 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/BRGOE2018-2s227
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Normsetzung im Notstand. Zur Einführung
On the occasion of the centenary of the Austrian Wartime Economy Enabling Act 1917 (Kriegswirtschaftliches Ermächtigungsgesetz 1917 – KwEG), the conference “Emergency Legislation” took place on October 17, 2017, at the Vienna Juridicum. It was organized by the Commission for Austrian Legal History of the Austrian Academy of Sciences and the Legal Sources Research Center of the University of Vienna. This essay provides an overview of the lectures given at the conference.
Schlagworte: Balance of Powers, Wartime Economy Enabling Act 1917, Emergency Legislation, Isonomy
Seite 229 - 235 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/BRGOE2018-2s229
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Gesetzgebungsbefugnisse der Exekutive im Verfassungsstaat. Notverordnungsrechte im Kaisertum Österreich von 1848 bis 1867
The following contribution deals with procedures which allow executive powers instead of the parliament to issue provisional laws in cases of a national emergency. The first such provisions were made during Austria’s first constitutional period (1848–1851). In the following neoabsolutistic period (1851–1860) – when there was no parliament – it was not necessary to provide for such instruments. With the first step back towards a parliamentary political system in 1861, executive powers were for the second time authorised to issue emergency decrees. Following the restauration of a constitutional political system in the shape of the Cisleithanian December Constitution in 1867, restrictions relating to formal prerequisites and substantial barriers in dealing with emergency decrees were created, following the models provided by the Austrian Constitution of 1849 as well as the Draft Constitution of the Imperial Diet at Kremsier in 1848.
Schlagworte: Austrian Constitution of 1849, Cisleithanian December Constitution of 1867, constitutional system, emergency decrees, executive power, Kremsier Draft Constitution of 1848/49, legislative power
Seite 236 - 246 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/BRGOE2018-2s236
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Die Praxis des § 14-Notverordnungsrechts von 1868 bis 1914
Within the framework of the December Constitution of 1867, section 14 of the Basic Law on the Parliament (Imperial Council) allowed the Imperial Government under certain circumstances to take emergency measures without the prior consent of the Parliament. Initially only used in justified exceptional cases, it experienced a real peak at the end of the 19th century due to parliamentary crises. This procedure was only possible because the Parliament remained largely passive, and so the Government had to expect no decisive resistance for a long time. It was only very late that the Parliament adopted a critical stance, which led to a slightly different practice.
Schlagworte: Austrian Empire, Emergency Decree, Imperial Council, December Constitution 1867
Seite 247 - 258 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/BRGOE2018-2s247
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Die zweite Hochblüte des § 14. Die Zeit während des Ersten Weltkrieges in der österreichischen Reichshälfte
After the Imperial Parliament had been closed indefinitely on 25th July 1914, promptly all available constitutional instruments of emergency and exceptional legislation were deployed in order to implement any necessary measures by way of regulation. Until the Imperial Parliament was reconvened on 30th May 1917, a total of 173 regulations based on § 14, the so-called Emergency Decrees, were enacted. These regulations contained far-reaching measures that affected the entire population, for instance the transfer of civil jurisdiction to the military or the repealing of jury trials that came into force on 25th July 1914. The amendments to the ABGB and the regulations concerning rest on Sundays and civic holidays for businesses were also enacted as ‘§ 14 regulations’. As wartime economy required prompt acting, a secondary regime for legislation by emergency decrees was created on 10th October 1914. The Imperial Parliament, reconvened in May 1917, first abolished the five basic ‘§ 14 regulations’ from 25th July 1914. However, it soon became clear that a large part of the ‘§ 14 regulations’ would neither be abolished nor replaced by an appropriate act of parliament. One ‘famous’ example of the transformation from a ‘§ 14 regulation’ to an act of parliament was the secondary regime for legislation by emergency decrees, which was finally superseded on 24th July 1917 by the ‘Wartime Economy Enabling Act’. Its shadow should linger on into the Second Republic.
Schlagworte: Reform of § 14 during the Constitutional Reform, § 14 Regulations, Repealing § 14 Regulations, Prime Minister STÜRGKH, Shutdown of the Imperial Parliament, Wartime Economy Enabling Act
Seite 259 - 273 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/BRGOE2018-2s259
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Das Kriegswirtschaftliche Ermächtigungsgesetz 1917. Von seiner Entstehung 1917 bis zu seiner Aufhebung 1946
In 1917, the Austrian parliament passed a statute – entitled ‘Kriegswirtschaftliches Ermächtigungsgesetz’ (KwEG) – that empowered the government to enact statutory orders on matters concerning wartime economy. The article describes the genesis of the KwEG and discusses the use of this emergency tool in interwar Austria. Although the war ended in 1918, the government continued to pass ordinances based on the KwEG until 1934. This was possible due to the vague wording of the provisions of this law. The article illustrates the different opinions on the use and abuse of this statute.
Schlagworte: Austrian constitutional history, emergency regulation, interwar period, statutory orders, wartime economy
Seite 274 - 293 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/BRGOE2018-2s274
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Von der Demokratie zur Diktatur. Das Kriegswirtschaftliche Ermächtigungsgesetz in der Ersten Republik
In 1918, the ‘Kriegswirtschaftliche Ermächtigungsgesetz’ (Wartime Economy Enabling Act, or ‘KwEG’) was one of the Monarchy’s laws that remained in force in the new state of ‘Deutschösterreich’ (German Austria). To a certain extent, this meant that an “authoritarian Trojan Horse” had found its way into the Republic, one that would subsequently be called on not only for economic matters but also in other circumstances. Accordingly, from the outset there was criticism from the parliamentary opposition against the use of the ‘KwEG’. Following the government’s reactivation of the ‘KwEG’ in 1932 after a long pause, possibly to test the viability of an authoritarian politics that by-passed parliament, it would ultimately serve as the legal crutch for the establishment of the dictatorship after the suspension of parliament in March 1933.
Schlagworte: Austrian constitutional history, constitutional court, constitutional rights, emergency regulation, First Republic, post-war economy
Seite 294 - 317 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/BRGOE2018-2s294
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Die außerordentliche Gesetzgebung im Rahmen der Genfer Protokolle. Theorie und Praxis des „außerordentlichen Kabinettsrates“ 1922–1924
After World War I the Republic of Austria faced a total state bankruptcy. Further loans, guaranteed by several European states, required an intense reform program involving the League of Nations. The realisation of this program by regular parliamentary legislation seemed dubious. Therefore, a special institution was created – the ‘Extraordinary Cabinet Council’, which constitutional history regards as an institution between legislation and administration. This paper describes how this ‘Extraordinary Cabinet Council’ was conceived and set up, which aims it should have served and (based on the protocols in the Austrian State Archives) how it actually worked. On the whole, the ‘Extraordinary Cabinet Council’ points to the distrust in democratic institutions in the interwar period – even in democratic states.
Schlagworte: administration, Austria, democracy, Extraordinary Cabinet Council, Extraordinary legislation, Geneva Protocols, state bankruptcy
Seite 318 - 343 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/BRGOE2018-2s318
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Das KwEG als Wegbereiter des autoritären Ständestaates
In March 1933, the Austrian National Parliament became incapable of acting. The government under Federal Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuß announced it would from now on rule on the basis of the ‘Wartime Economy Enabling Act’, an emergency law passed in 1917. In effect, Austria turned into a dictatorship. Until the proclamation of the authoritarian ‘May Constitution’ on 1 May 1934, the Government substituted regular legislation with almost 500 ‘emergency ordinances’ – touching all aspects of life.
Schlagworte: Austrian Civil War 1934, Austrian History 1933–1934, Austrofacism, Engelbert DOLLFUß, Wartime Economy Enabling Act
Seite 344 - 356 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/BRGOE2018-2s344
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Richterliche Rechtsnormvernichtung im Notstand. Verfassungsgerichtsbarkeit und Notverordnung
Any state of emergency tests the limits of effective constitutional review. However, the undoing of the Austrian constitutional court in 1933 remains of special interest for legal theory and constitutional governance alike. Not only has it demonstrated the limits of this global pioneer of constitutional adjudication while laying bare the Achilles heel of the once and present system of Austrian constitutional law. Even more importantly, it continues to raise fundamental questions as to the role of legal doctrine and the influence of legal theory in such crucial moments for the rule of law which this paper seeks to address.
Schlagworte: 1933, Austrian constitutional court, constitutional governance, judicial review, rule of law, state of emergency, Vienna School of Legal Theory
Seite 357 - 370 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/BRGOE2018-2s357
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Das Ermächtigungsgesetz 1934 und seine Handhabung im autoritären Österreich
The Enabling Act of 30 April 1934 is overshadowed by the far more often cited Wartime Economy Enabling Act. However, it was not the Wartime Economy Enabling Act but the Enabling Act that transferred legislative power to the executive, i.e. the federal government, upon implementation of the 1934 constitution. The Enabling Act granted the government the right to decide whether legislative proposals were to pass through the preparatory committees of federal legislature outlined in the 1934 constitution, to finally be accepted or rejected by the Bundestag, or whether deliberation and resolution would take place directly in the council of ministers. Thus, the Enabling Act of 1934 constitutes a central element of the Austrian constitutional reality in the period until 1938.
Schlagworte: Austrian History, Constitutional History, Engelbert DOLLFUß, Enabling Act, Emergency Decree, Kurt SCHUSCHNIGG
Seite 371 - 384 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/BRGOE2018-2s371
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Das Notverordnungsrecht des Bundespräsidenten
The Austrian constitution of 1920 concentrated all power in the parliament; provisions on a state of emergency were consciously renounced at that time. An amendment from 1929 strengthened the executive branch, introducing a power of the Federal President to issue emergency decrees. In the course of deliberations, however, the Social Democrats succeeded in making the adoption of such regulations subject of the approval of a permanent parliamentary subcommittee. This emergency authority has never been used to this day. However, the instrument of permanent subcommittees was taken up in other contexts in order to ensure parliament’s influence in situations where decisions need to be taken quickly
Schlagworte: Austrian constitution of 1920, constitutional amendment of 1929, emergency decrees, Federal President, permanent subcommittees
Seite 385 - 395 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/BRGOE2018-2s385
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Ermächtigungsgesetzgebung in Deutschland zwischen Monarchie und Republik
This essay deals with the legal function of enabling acts, such as the enabling act of 1933, which has often been perceived as the central source of legality for the NS regime. However, the history of this specific kind of legislation began earlier, during World War I. From 1914 to 1923, approximately ten of these acts can be identified. Within this period, these acts were not the only means by which the German legislator dealt with states of emergency. However, enabling acts were the only way which permitted the legislators to tackle the problems related to the state of emergency without being bound to the constitutional framework of both the Constitution of the Reich (1871) and the Weimar Republic (1919) respectively. These acts mark fundamental challenges to a constitutional order and mostly transitional periods between political systems: at the end of the monarchy and of the republic.
Schlagworte: enabling acts, state of emergency, Weimar Constitution
Seite 396 - 408 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/BRGOE2018-2s396
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Il Governo legislatore – Regierungsgesetzgebung im Königreich Italien (1848–1922–1943)
Decrees with the force of law, issued by the Kings’s government either on the basis of enabling acts passed by the parliament or on its own authority in a state of emergency are characteristic of the legal practice in the Kingdoms of Piedmont and Italy in times of wars of liberation against the Habsburg Monarchy and of World War One. Upon taking power, Benito Mussolini avails himself of these legal instruments to rebuild the existing legal order in a fascist manner.
Schlagworte: 1848/1922/1943, enabling legislation, state of emergency, decrees with the force of law, liberal governments, Mussolini government
Thomas Kröll
Seite 409 - 418 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/BRGOE2018-2s409
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Ausnahmezustände im Rechtssystem der II. Polnischen Republik
The following article presents laws and regulations concerning states of emergency, martial law and states of siege included in the Constitution as well as in other legal acts of the period of 1918–1939. The article also describes institutions and entities authorized to declare a state of emergency, and explains the historical and political contexts and their legal foundations. The author’s intention was to prove a continuity of law in independent Poland, derived from the constitutional systems of others states (France, Prussia, the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, Russia). Solutions in Polish law concerning states of exceptional threat to the state, both in the period of the provisional constitution and the subsequent years (1918–1939) did not refer directly to the classic formula rooted in French and German concepts of the state of siege. The regulations were a result of Polish legislative activity, but were similar to the legislation in the Austro-Hungarian constitutional monarchy.
Schlagworte: IInd Republic of Poland (1918–1939), civil crisis, civil rights, Constitutional History, constitutional law, martial law, modification of citizens’ freedoms, state of emergency, state of siege, wartime
Seite 419 - 427 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/BRGOE2018-2s419
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Ermächtigungsgesetzgebung in der Tschechoslowakei
Although the First Czechoslovak Republic (1918–1938) certainly was a democratic state, there were enabling acts even during this period. Their purpose was to react to the Great Depression and to enable a transfer of legislative power from the parliament to the government in certain sectors (e.g. agriculture). In December 1938, a considerable interference occurred in the constitutional system of the First Czechoslovak Republic – the Enabling Act was issued, practically abolishing the legislature of the parliament and transferring it to the government and the president. The 1938 Enabling Act was subsequently also used in the period of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (1939– 1945).
Schlagworte: Czechoslovakia, constitutional court, enabling acts, Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
Seite 428 - 440 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/BRGOE2018-2s428
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Im Wendekreis von Notstand und Ausnahmsgewalt. Politische Umbruchszeiten und außerordentliche Normsetzungsbefugnisse in Ungarn am Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts
This study of the Hungarian Kingdom in the Pre-World War I period aims to analyse two of its special phenomena and institutions, namely its parliamentary-constitutional crisis and the legal framework of the extraordinary state of war. Furthermore, the study attempts to explain the regulations contained in the Act nr. LXIII (1912) regarding measures to avert danger in times of war. Also, obstruction as a crisis phenomenon of the era discussed, and a related symbolic event, the so-called “handkerchief votum” (“zsebkendöszavazás”), will be interpreted as symptoms of an unleashed constitutional crisis (1904– 1906), including a description of the course of events as well as the political circumstances.
Schlagworte: Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, constitutional crisis, obstruction, parliamentary procedure, political defence, state of emergency
Seite 441 - 451 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/BRGOE2018-2s441
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Zwischen Gesetzeskraft und Verfassungswidrigkeit. Die Verordnungen der revolutionären „provisorischen Regierung“ (1930–1934) und der Streit um ihre Bedeutung für die brasilianische Rechtsordnung
At least since 1930, the executive branch of Brazilian government has issued a series of “decrees with force of law“, ordinary decrees, decree-laws, and so-called “provisional measures”, thus becoming a very important actorsometimes the leading one- in the field of law making. One could discuss how far this fact reflects a broadly understood “state of exception“, a supposed authoritarian trend of Brazilian society, the increase of presidential power at the expense of Parliament, or the “normal development“ of all western interventionist states. Nevertheless, the fast and substantial increase of State intervention in the 1930’s in many social and economic spheres certainly led to conflicts between legal thought and the new practices of “active government“. As seen in the case of the new “Mining Code“, the resulting tensions could not be completely eliminated by political strategies such as the exclusion of decrees from judicial control, the selective use of constitutional texts or the subtle subversion of the hierarchical structure of the liberal legal system.
Schlagworte: Constitution of 1934, Decree, Mining Code, State intervention, Vargas
Seite 452 - 461 | doi: https://doi.org/10.1553/BRGOE2018-2s452
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Ausgabe:
978-3-7001-8386-0, Zeitschriftenausgabe, broschiert, 29.11.2018
Auflage:
1. Auflage
Seitenzahl:
217 Seiten
Format:
29,7x21cm
Sprache:
Deutsch
DOI (Link zur Online Edition):