Beiträge zur Rechtsgeschichte Österreichs, 5. Jahrgang, Heft 2/2015
Nummer:
5
Jahrgang:
2015
Heft:
2
1. Auflage, 2015
Gabriele HAUG-MORITZ, Graz/Sabine ULLMANN, Eichstätt Frühneuzeitliche Supplikationspraxis und monarchische Herrschaft in europäischer Perspektive: Einleitung
Ulrich HAUSMANN, Eichstätt
Sich ahn höhern Orten beclagen unnd das kayserliche Recht darüber ahnrueffen Herkunft, Zielsetzung und Handlungsstrategie supplizierender Untertanen am Reichshofrat Kaiser Rudolfs II. (1576-1612) unter Einbeziehung
der Überlieferung süddeutscher Archive
Thomas SCHREIBER, Graz
Die Ausübung kaiserlicher Gnadengewalt durch den Reichshofrat
Untertanensuppliken am Reichshofrat Kaiser Rudolfs II. (1576-1612)
Gunter VASOLD, Graz
Vom „Allerunderthenigsten Anruffen" zum analytischen Abrufen
Ein Werkzeug zur kooperativen Erfassung, Verwaltung und Analyse von Untertanensuppliken
Tobias SCHENK, Göttingen
Das frühneuzeitliche Kaisertum - ein Faktor der Alltagsgeschichte?
Überlegungen auf Grundlage der Reichshofratsakten
Eva ÜRTLIEB, Graz
Untertanensuppliken am Reichshofrat Kaiser Karls V.
Christian LACKNER, Wien
„Fiat (ut petitur ). 11 Zur Erledigung von Suppliken in der Hofkanzlei König
Maximilians I. in den 1490er Jahren
Irene KUBISKA-SCHARL, Wien/Michael PÖLZL, Wien
„Formalisierte Gnade". Das Supplikationswesen am Wiener Hof im 18.Jahrhundert
am Beispiel supplizierender Reichshofräte
Stefan BRAKENSIEK, Duisburg-Essen
Supplikation als kommunikative Herrschaf tstechnik in zusammengesetzten Monarchien
Birgit EMICH, Erlangen-Nürnberg
Gnadenmaschine Papsttum. Das römische Supplikenwesen zwischen
Barmherzigkeit und Bürokratie
Lothar SCHILLING, Augsburg
Gnadengewalt und höchstrichterliche Gewalt im frühneuzeitlichen Frankreich
(ca. 1550 bis ca. 1715
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weiterführende Links, Online Edition
Frühneuzeitliche Supplikationspraxis und monarchische Herrschaft in europäischer Perspektive: Einleitung
Schlagworte: petitions, Early Modern monarchy, European history
Seite 177 - 190
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Sich ahn höhern Orten beclagen unnd das kayserliche Recht darüber ahnrueffen Herkunft, Zielsetzung und Handlungsstrategie supplizierender Untertanen am Reichshofrat Kaiser Rudolfs II. (1576–1612) unter Einbeziehung der Überlieferung süddeutscher Archive
Contrary to previous assumptions, in the Ancien Régime ordinary subjects were allowed to entreat the emperor directly. The supplications addressed to Emperor Rudolf II and processed by the Imperial Aulic Council corresponded to the social backgrounds of the female or male Jewish or Christian supplicants: subjects in need, mainly servants of the imperial court, appealed to the emperor for a mark of favour (Gunsterweis), ambitious merchants and craftsmen requested imperial intercessions or privileges (Begnadung), individuals prosecuted as criminals supplicated for judicial assistance or restitution (Begnadigung). In order to illuminate the particular circumstances of individual cases, not only the Imperial Aulic Coucil’s records, but also parallel sources in state and community archives have to be sought out and analysed. Accordingly, the case of Caspar Silberradt, citizen of the imperial town Offenburg, illustrates the political significance of supplication as an act of communication and an important component of the political order of the Holy Roman Empire.
Schlagworte: supplication, subjects, Holy Roman Empire, grace, political communication, Imperial Aulic Council
Seite 191 - 214
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Die Ausübung kaiserlicher Gnadengewalt durch den Reichshofrat Untertanensuppliken am Reichshofrat Kaiser Rudolfs II. (1576–1612)
Based on the analysis of about 700 cases, the article presents first results of a German-Austrian research project on mediate subjects’ petitions handled by the Imperial Aulic Council in the reign of Rudolf II, focusing on conceptual and procedural questions. To get a clearer picture of the variety of the requests (and to avoid conceptual confusion), it is helpful to consider the formal structure of these texts. Whereas in the ‘narratio’ the authors described what made them address the Emperor, the ‘petitio’ details what measures they asked the Emperor to take. Supplicants applying for a favour tended to highlight a special bond to the Empire’s head (e.g. services rendered). On the contrary, supplicants asking for the Emperor’s assistance with regard to a conflict in which they were involved – either because of (economic) claims they could not get satisfied or in the wake of criminal persecution by local authorities – mostly referred to the necessity of the Emperor’s intervention to overcome their difficulties. Moreover, the Imperial Aulic Council’s decisions mirror these distinctions: While next to all applications for a favour were granted, the Council showed more reluctance to interfere with local authorities’ actions, especially in criminal matters.
Schlagworte: Emperor Rudolf II, grace, Holy Roman Empire, Imperial Aulic Council, petitions, supplications, social history
Seite 215 - 230
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Vom „Allerunderthenigsten Anruffen“ zum analytischen Abrufen Ein Werkzeug zur kooperativen Erfassung, Verwaltung und Analyse von Untertanensuppliken
When it comes to analyzing large numbers of historical records from the 16th and 17th centuries, the approach of using a database seems promising. Implementing such a database requires special measures considering the nature of the data and the way historians construct knowledge about their research topics. This paper introduces a virtual research environment that supports collaborative research on supplications filed by subjects at the Imperial Aulic Council under the reign of Emperor Rudolf II (1576–1612). Special emphasise is given to conceptual problems rather than technical details, which is useful for anyone planning a similar project. After a short description of functional principles, it is discussed how the hermeneutic nature of historical research needs to be reflected in the software development process and how specialized interfaces for typical tasks like revision, annotation, normalization or analyzing the data can be provided.
Schlagworte: collaborative research, virtual research environment, research data, long time preservation, supplications
Seite 231 - 244
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Das frühneuzeitliche Kaisertum – ein Faktor der Alltagsgeschichte? Überlegungen auf Grundlage der Reichshofratsakten
During the last decades a lot of research on the Holy Roman Empire has been published. So far the history of the early modern emperors nevertheless remains an academic void. The indexing of the files of the Imperial Aulic Council, which is currently done by the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities, offers new perspectives on this important topic. Throughout the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries, the council was the most important imperial agency dealing with the affairs of the empire. It carried out functions of a supreme court and political advisory board. At the same time the Council was responsible for the administration of imperial privileges and feuds. Because of this wide area of operations the Council’s files, which today are kept by the Austrian State Archives in Vienna, form the most important archival source for the history of the Holy Roman Empire. They are crucial not only with regard to the relations between the emperors and the estates of the empire, but the role of the emperors in the everyday life of the ‘normal’ population as well. The article discusses these versatile relations and offers hints for further research.
Schlagworte: Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Holy Roman Empire, emperors, feuds, privileges, Imperial Aulic Council, Austrian State Archives
Seite 245 - 262
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Untertanensuppliken am Reichshofrat Kaiser Karls V.
Research into petitions of mediate subjects pending before Emperor Rudolf II’s Aulic Council (1576–1612), which is currently carried out by a joint German-Austrian project, raises the question whether the astonishing amount of applications addressed directly to the Emperor by supplicants who were only indirectly submitted to his jurisdiction is a peculiarity of Rudolf’s reign or part of a broader history. Drawing on the resolutions’ protocols of the Imperial Aulic Council and related sources, the article argues that already half a century earlier, Emperor Charles V was confronted with at least about the same number, if not more, of such documents, which became an important task of Charles’ Aulic Council. Quantitative analysis shows that most of them were either applications for one of the many favours the Emperor was entitled to dispense to various individuals (e.g. privileges), or brought forward by persons involved in conflicts who asked for the Emperor’s assistance. The majority of the latter did not intend to institute legal proceedings, but appealed to the Emperor as a guardian to ensure the ordinary course of justice could be followed and undue hardship avoided.
Schlagworte: Emperor Charles V, Holy Roman Empire, Imperial Aulic Council, petition, supplication, social history
Seite 263 - 282
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„Fiat (ut petitur).“ Zur Erledigung von Suppliken in der Hofkanzlei König Maximilians I. in den 1490er Jahren
The term supplication, which has been the term most commonly used since the late 15th century, describes a written appeal for a favor to which the supplicant has no legal claim. The text type ‘supplication’ can be seen as essential to understanding the relation between sovereign and subjects, authorities and subordinates in the Pre-Modern era. Since the Late Middle Ages this relationship had been significant in forming the characteristics, functioning and dynamics of sovereignty. Whereas Early Modern Period researchers have been studying this topic a lot in the recent years, medievalists still rarely do so. The present paper deals with the beginning of king Maximilian’s reign (the 1490s) and discusses how the royal chancery responded to supplications addressed to the sovereign by his subjects. The study was based on the petitions preserved in the Viennese state archives and focuses on administrative procedures but also on the strategies used by petitioners to obtain the requested favor.
Schlagworte: supplications, petitioning, Maximilian I, Holy Roman Empire, administration, social history
Seite 283 - 296
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„Formalisierte Gnade“. Das Supplikationswesen am Wiener Hof im 18. Jahrhundert am Beispiel supplizierender Reichshofräte
This article aims at investigating how 18th century Imperial Aulic counsillors came to enjoy salaries and old-age pensions in an era before these were legally standardized. As functionaries in the emperor’s service, they were not only the addressees of supplications, but would also act as petitioners themselves. In order to receive recompense for their professional tasks, they had to submit written appeals which then would be graciously granted by the emperor. In the course of 18th century processes of bureaucratization, salaries and old-age pensions were increasingly disassociated from the emperor’s lifetime and would no longer expire upon the emperor’s death. This process culminated in the first Pensions Act (Pensionsnormale) decreed by Joseph II in March 1781, thus ensuring better pension benefits for state servants and their family members.
Schlagworte: supplications, bureaucratization, court staff, Court of Vienna, Viennese court, old-age pensions, salary and remuneration, career, seniority
Seite 297 - 308
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Supplikation als kommunikative Herrschaftstechnik in zusammengesetzten Monarchien
The article deals with supplications as a prevalent feature of early modern states shaping the communication between commoners and prince. Comparing the usages in different parts of the Habsburg Empire (viz. Lower Austria, Hungary, and the Southern Netherlands) it asks whether supplications were adequate tools to establish direct forms of contact between subjects in the peripheries and the courtly center. By establishing new regional public authorities (Kreisämter) in the middle of the 18th century, Maria Theresia set up the preconditions for implementing such administrative proceedings in her Austrian homelands. This communicative bypass, suitable to circumvent the local powers of nobility and church, served as a mighty tool in the state-building process, and fostered the authority of the crown. In contrast, Joseph II, in his remote eastern and western provinces, failed to establish similar regional authorities, thus depending on central command only. In Hungary and Brabant, commoners had to rely on the grace of regional powers, so that they continued to address them with their supplications. The Habsburg Empire shows that, given the conditions of early modern infrastructure, distance matters.
Schlagworte: supplication, composite monarchy, state building, Habsburg Empire, Lower Austria, Hungary, Southern Netherlands
Seite 309 - 324
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Gnadenmaschine Papsttum. Das römische Supplikenwesen zwischen Barmherzigkeit und Bürokratie
This paper addresses the Early Modern papacy’s system of dealing with supplications (Suppliken). In the first part, the paper gives an overview of the papal stance towards supplications and points out why the papacy can justly be called a ‘grace machine’. In a second step, these general observations are followed by a specific analysis which takes a look inside the grace machine itself, so to speak, by reviewing sample supplications and briefs of grace (Gratialbreven) concerning the province of Ferrara during the pontificate of Pope Paul V (1605–1621). These sources shed light on the Pope’s role as territorial prince and on Rome’s stance towards the subjects’ petitionary letters in general. As it turns out, the dual character of the papacy – with its secular and spiritual spheres – shaped the policy towards supplications within the Papal States profoundly. Even though the subjects’ supplications were addressed to the Pope as the head of the Catholic Church, they also touched on issues of public administration, which in turn rendered those letters a concern of Rome’s bureaucratic apparatus. At the same time, however, since the cardinalnephew acted as the agent of papal grace, acts of grace of all kinds could easily be portrayed as acts of favor granted by the ruling family in order to commit the recipient to loyalty and allegiance. Thus, supplications addressed to the Pope had not only a religious-ecclesiastical dimension, but were also a political medium of communication between the ruler and his subjects.
Schlagworte: Roman Curia, subjects’ supplications, Early Modern papacy, Papal States, Penitentiary, papal briefs of grace, grace and favor, Pope Paul V, Ferrara
Seite 325 - 348
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Gnadengewalt und höchstrichterliche Gewalt im frühneuzeitlichen Frankreich (ca. 1550 bis ca. 1715)
The following contribution aims to outline the multiple ways of asking for mercy and the king’s role as bestower of grace and justice in early modern France from the eve of the Wars of Religion to the end of the reign of Louis XIV. Initially, the article considers procedures, terms, and forms resulting in royal acts of grace. In a second part, it presents contemporary conceptualisations of royal power focused on the king as “roi justicier” and discusses the place of bestowing grace in the context of this ideal vision. Finally, the functions and limits of asking for mercy and bestowing grace in early modern France are analysed. It is argued that these interactions constituted a common form of communication between the king and his subjects which, in many cases, benefited both the crown and the subjects who addressed the king. On the other hand, the costs of this system closely related to the Old Regime’s system of patronage should be taken into account.
Schlagworte: French king, bestower of grace and justice, asking for mercy
Seite 349 - 370
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Ausgabe:
978-3-7001-7867-5, Zeitschriftenausgabe, broschiert, 18.11.2015
Auflage:
1. Auflage
Seitenzahl:
192 Seiten
Format:
29,7x21cm
Sprache:
Deutsch
DOI (Link zur Online Edition):