The 2025 volume of the Vienna Yearbook of Population Research focuses on the role of population inequality in demographic research, particularly, on the interplay between population diversity and social inequality. Besides classical markers of heterogeneity in individual behavior, such as gender, age, education, family status, migration background, urban-rural residence and socio-economic status, other sources of inequality are covered in the volume. They include marginalized populations, such as homeless people, generational and spatial factors as well as emerging trends, such as digitalization. Understanding population inequality is key for modeling population developments and projecting them into the future. Equally important is to understand how and why different types of inequality arise and evolve, and what policy challenges they impose for socio-economic development, welfare systems and social cohesion. 

Population inequality matters

Vienna Yearbook of Population Research 2025, Vol. 23

Vienna Yearbook of Population Research 2025, Vol. 23 2025 23 2025 

Introduction | Population decline: Towards a rational, scientific research agenda | Debate | Like high cholesterol, population decline is a problem, but not in the way you might think... | The human eco-predicament: Overshoot and the population conundrum | Population decline will likely become a global trend and benefit long-term human wellbeing | Depopulation or population decline? Demographic nightmares and imaginaries | A governance perspective on East Central Europe’s population predicament: Young exit, grey voice and lopsided loyalty | Low, but not too low, fertility can represent a positive development | The key role of early education in an ageing and shrinking population: The example of Germany | Perspectives | Implementing youth-oriented policies: A remedy for depopulation in rural regions? | Review Articles | Revisiting the impact of urban shrinkage on residential segregation in European cities | Research Articles | Immigration and the prospects for long-run population decreases in European countries | How much would reduced emigration mitigate ageing in Norway? | The triple burden of depopulation in Ukraine: examining perceptions of population decline | Is Spanish depopulation irreversible? Recent demographic and spatial changes in small municipalities | Neighbourhood effects and determinants of population changes in Italy: A spatial perspective | Demographic sustainability in Italian territories: The link between depopulation and population ageing | Parsimonious stochastic forecasting of international and internal migration on the NUTS-3 level – an outlook of regional depopulation trends in Germany | Supplementary material to VANELLA, Patrizio; HELLWAGNER, Timon, DESCHERMEIER, Philipp: "Parsimonious stochastic forecasting of international and internal migration on the NUTS-3 level – an outlook of regional depopulation trends in Germany" | Data &amp; Trends | Depopulation in Moldova: The main challenge in the context of extremly high emigration

The 2023 volume of the Vienna Yearbook of Population Research puts a spotlight on the causes and consequences of population decline – a phenomenon increasingly observed in many countries and regions around the world. This volume showcases the multifaceted nature of population decline, featuring studies from diverse disciplines including environmental studies, urban/regional planning and sociology. Comprising a collection of 18 articles, it examines trends, causes and consequences, challenges and policy responses at various spatial levels, often with a focus on the key role of migration in driving population decline. The seven Debate contributions included in the volume defy the gloomy picture typically associated with population decline, also stressing the (potential) benefits from population decline. 

 

The causes and consequences of depopulation

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Vienna Yearbook of Population Research 2023, Vol. 21

Vienna Yearbook of Population Research 2023, Vol. 21 2023 21 2023 

Introduction | Analyzing population ageing and intergenerational redistribution: NTA and AGENTA | Research Articles | Welfare state winners and losers in ageing societies | Intergenerational inequalities in mortality-adjusted disposable incomes | Welfare state and the age distribution of public consumption and public transfers in the EU countries | Extending working life: experiences from Sweden, 1981–2011 | Historical patterns of unpaid work in Europe: NTTA results by age and gender | Italians’ use of time during the economic crisis: implications for the gender division of labour | Transfers of informal care time in the United States: the role of demographic differentials in intergenerational flows by age, sex, and racial and national background | Data Section | European National (Time) Transfer Accounts

This special issue explores the impacts of population aging and intergenerational redistribution, with a focus on the European Union through the lens of the National Transfer Accounts (NTA) and AGENTA projects. It examines how demographic transitions, such as declining fertility and increasing longevity, influence economic dependency ratios and support systems. Utilizing harmonized data from Eurostat, it highlights variations in public and private transfers across countries and delves into policy challenges posed by aging populations. The issue emphasizes the role of intergenerational transfers, including time and gender dynamics, in addressing the economic and social pressures of aging.  

Population ageing and intergenerational redistribution

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Miguel Sánchez-Romero

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Vienna Yearbook of Population Research 2025, Vol. 23

Vienna Yearbook of Population Research 2023, Vol. 21

Vienna Yearbook of Population Research 2019, Vol. 17