Conference "Cultural Flows across the Western Himalaya" | The CHIS of the Western Himalayas | Mapping the Past and the Present | GDAT - A GPS Data Acquisition Tool for Cultural History | Coinage of the Nezak Shah | Reinvented Landscapes | A Journey "to the Land on the Other Side" | Traversing the Land of siddhas and ḍākinīs | The Theory of anukṛti in the Abhinavabhāratī | Pragmatic Translating | Determination in Ratnakīrti's Apohasiddhi | Latest News from a Kashmirian "Second Dharmakīrti" | Manuscripts en route | Of Epigraphic Palimpsests and Similar Phenomena | Temple Complex 'Virtual Nako' | The Tibetan Himalayan Style | A Decree of lHa Bla ma Ye shes 'od | Chapter 17 | The Deer as a Structuring Principle in Certain Bonpo Rituals | Facts and Questions as a Way of Conclusion

This collection of essays is the outcome of a symposium hosted by the International Institute of Advanced Studies, Shimla (15th–18th April 2009). An international group of scholars, collaborating in the project “The Cultural History of the Western Himalayas from the 8th Century” (sponsored by the Austrian Science Fund, NFN S98), present here some of their own speci?c research on various areas, archaeological sites, monuments and centres of learning that, in various degrees, have studded the region along the centuries. 

The complex morphology of the Western Himalayas has favoured quite a number of dynamic interactions with their bordering countries (present day U-tsang and Chang-thang in the TAR, Nepal, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu-Kashmir, North Pakistan and beyond) that is here followed through the study of iconographic elements in the coinage of Nezak Shah (P?sterer and Uhlir) or portable cult objects from Khotan (Forte), items that, like manuscripts (Tauscher), often travelled over long distances. Like art-historical evidence surviving in Lahul (Widorn), they help to trace Buddhist pilgrimage routes and recover religious maps. The consideration of the historical, cultural and social background of the Buddhist sculptures in ancient U??iyana, where Indian motifs interlace with local elements (Filigenzi), gives yet another view of such a landscape. 

The theme of “Tibetan Himalaya Style” in the art of the Western domains, thoroughly analysed in the larger context of the surrounding regions and in consideration of an impressive number of artistic productions, contributes to a social history of these regions (Klimburg-Salter). 

The role of Kashmir as a privileged centre of learning, particularly during the last centuries of the ?rst millennium CE and the following two centuries, is here investigated through the work and life of the philosopher Sa?karanandana (Eltschinger), the Buddhist theory of universals (McAllister), the practices of translating Buddhist texts (MacDonald), and the aesthetic theory discussed by Saiva and Buddhist philosophers (Mukherji). The intellectual life is also viewed through practices related to the written, e. g., the use of palimpsests on inscribed murals in Zhalu (Tropper and Scherrer-Schaub). 

Besides micro-historical data about the founder of the Guge-Purang dynasty in Western Tibet, Ye ses ’od, gathered from a recently discovered manuscript (Samten Karmay), and a ?rst-hand account of the culture and religious practices of modern Dolpo (Phuntshog Nyima), three ritual texts for summoning good fortune are analysed by studying the role of the deer as a structuring principle in Bon po rituals (Ramble). 

Finally, new methodological approaches are presented in an introduction to the use of new technology to map history (Cartwright), the project of an on-line cartographic information system elaborated at the University of Vienna (Pucher and Kriz), and the use of a GPS data acquisition tool (Schobesberger), followed by the example of the 3D visualization of the temple complex at Nako, Kinnaur (Nausner and Schobesberger). 

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Cultural Flows across the Western Himalaya

The tathāgata and the long tongue of truth – The authority of the Buddha in sūtra and narrrative literature | On Buddhists and their chairs | Turning hermeneutics into apologetics – Reasoning and rationality under changing historical circumstances | Dignāga on air or How to get hold of supersensible objects by means of a credible person – With preliminary remarks on the composition of the Pramāṇasamuccaya | On the role of abhyupagama in Dharmakīrti’s scripturally based inference | Kamalaśīla and Śāntarakṣita on scripture and reason – The limits and extent of “practical rationality” in the Tattvasaṃgraha and Pañjikā | Transmission of scripture – Exegetical problems for Kumārila and Dharmakīrti | Action theory and scriptural exegesis in early Advaita-Vedānta (1) – Maṇḍana Miśra on upadeśa and iṣṭasādhanatā | The authority of the Buddha, the omniscience of the Jina and the truth of Jainism | On reason and scripture in the Pratyabhijñā | Inherited cognitions: prasiddhi, āgama, pratibhā, śabdana – Bhartṛhari, Utpaladeva, Abhinavagupta, Kumārila and Dharmakīrti in dialogue | Notes on the contributors

Der vorliegende Band ist das Ergebnis des Panels “Scriptural Authority and Apologetics in the Indian Religio-Philosophical Environment”, das im Rahmen der 14. World Sanskrit Conference (Kyoto, 2. September 2009) stattfand. Er enthält elf Aufsätze von SpezialistInnen auf den Gebieten des Mahayana-Buddhismus (P. Skilling, R. Walser), buddhistischer Epistemologie (V. Eltschinger, H. Krasser, S. Moriyama, S. McClintock), Jainismus (P. Balcerowicz), Mimamsa und früher Vedanta (K. Kataoka, H. David) sowie der Pratyabhijña-Philosophie (I. Ratié, R. Torella). Die Themen der Aufsätze reichen dabei von verschiedenen symbolischen, ästhetischen und institutionellen Mitteln schriftlicher Autorisierung (die lange Zunge des Buddhas, die Gebetskanzel) zu Rational-Choice-Theorien in ethisch-soteriologischen Angelegenheiten, von „Inklusivismus“ zu der Kritik an konkurrierenden Ansprüchen auf die Wahrnehmung des Übersinnlichen. Neben detaillierten Beiträgen zu kaum erforschten Bereichen der indischen Philosophie liefert dieser Band beispiellose Einblicke in die Vielfalt, Beständigkeit und strukturelle Homogenität der indischen Untersuchungen zu Legitimität und Modalität religiöser Autorität und schriftlicher Zeugnisse. Ebenso offenbart er, dass religiöser Pluralismus und Wettbewerb große Auswirkungen auf das Wesen und die Ziele indischer Philosophie haben. The present volume is the outcome of the panel “Scriptural Authority and Apologetics in the Indian Religio-Philosophical Environment” held in the framework of the 14th World Sanskrit Conference (Kyoto, September 2, 2009). It contains eleven essays by specialists in the fields of Mahāyāna Buddhism (P. Skilling, R. Walser), Buddhist epistemology (V. Eltschinger, H. Krasser, S. Moriyama, S. McClintock), Jainism (P. Balcerowicz), Mīmāṃsā and early Vedānta (K. Kataoka, H. David), and Pratyabhijñā philosophy (I. Ratié, R. Torella). The topics dealt with range from different symbolic, esthetic and institutional means of scriptural authorization (the long tongue of the Buddha, the preaching dais) to theories of rational choice in ethical-soteriological matters, from “inclusivism” to the critique of competing claims to the perception of the supersensible. Besides presenting in-depth contributions on little studied areas of Indian philosophy, this volume sheds unprecedented light on the diversity, persistence and structural homogeneity of the philosophers’ enquiries into the legitimacy and the modalities of religious authority and scriptural testimony. It also bears witness to the strong impact of religious pluralism and competition on the nature and the agenda of Indian philosophy.

Proceedings of a Panel at the 14th World Sanskrit Conference, Kyoto, September 1st-5th, 2009

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Scriptural Authority, Reason and Action

From the Contents:



Supplementary note to the introduction of the critical edition of chapter 1 - On chronology; Editorial polica and conventions; Critical edition: Svamata, Vadavidhi, Nyaya, Vaisesika, Sankhya, Mimamsa; Bibliography; Indices; Diplomatic Edition 

Part 1: Critical Edition; Part 2: Diplomatic Edition

Jinendrabuddhi´s Viśalamalavati Pramaṇasamuccayaṭika Chapter 2

Foreword | Introduction - The place of PVSV 164,24-176,16 in the Work of Dharmakīrti | Introduction - A Synopsis of PV(SV) 1.312-340 | Part 1 - Translation | Part 1 - Appendix | Part 2 - Studies - Logic in a Religious Context: Dharmakīrti in Defence of āgama | Part 2 - Studies - Dharmakīrti and the Mīmāṃsakas in Conflict | Abbreviations and Bibliography | Indices

The present volume provides an annotated English translation of the last section of Dharmakīrti’s Pramāṇavārttikasvavṛtti (PVSV 164,24–176,16, ad stanzas 1.312–340), which includes his final assault on the Mīmāṃsā doctrine of the authorlessness (apauruṣeyatva) of the Veda. Dharmakīrti draws out the apparently fatal consequences of this doctrine: If the Vedic scriptures are without an author, hence without an underlying intention, they can only be meaningless. Even if they have a meaning, it must be supersensible. But then, claiming that the leading Mīmāṃsaka authorities – Jaimini, Śabara – possessed privileged cognitive access to its supersensible meaning is not an option, since the Mīmāṃsaka denies that humans have any supernatural form of knowledge. In short, Dharmakīrti forces his opponent to admit that the Veda is nothing but a mutus liber, a “mute book.” Besides questioning the very possibility of Vedic hermeneutics under Mīmāṃsaka presuppositions, the passage translated contains interesting allusions to Dharmakīrti’s linguistic theory, his views on scriptural authority, his critique of the Veda’s reliability, and his understanding of the transmission of the Veda and Vedic śākhās (“schools”, “recensions”). The section includes Dharmakīrti’s polemics against a mysterious vṛddhamīmāṃsaka (“ancient Mīmāṃsaka”). An introduction (pp. 7–21: “The Place of PVSV 164,24–176,16 in the work of Dharmakīrti,” by V. Eltschinger), a synopsis of contents (pp. 23–30) and two independent essays round off the volume. H. Krasser’s “Logic in a Religious Context: Dharmakīrti in Defence of āgama” (pp. 83–118) sheds new light on Dharmakīrti’s conception of scriptural authority and its indebtedness to Dignāga. J. Taber’s “Dharmakīrti and the Mīmāṃsakas in Conflict” (pp. 119–149) explores the guiding principles of the Mīmāṃsā system of exegesis and assesses the relevance of Dharmakīrti’s arguments against it. A general bibliography and various indices complete the volume. 

Dharmakirti against Mimamsa Exegetics and Vedic authority. An Annotated Translation of PVSV 164,24–176,16.

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Can the Veda speak?

Opening speech &amp;#x2013; News from the manuscript department | Program | Dharmak&amp;#x12B;rti’s criticism of the Jaina doctrine of multiplexity of reality (anek&amp;#x101;ntav&amp;#x101;da) | Sanskrit fragments of Dharmak&amp;#x12B;rti’s Sant&amp;#x101;n&amp;#x101;ntarasiddhi | Studies on Dharmak&amp;#x12B;rti’s religious philosophy (3): Compassion and its role in the general structure of PV 2 | Can we say that everything is ineffable? Udayana’s refutation of the theory of apoha | Perception of yogis – Some epistemological and metaphysical considerations | Kamalaś&amp;#x12B;la’s view on yogic perception and the bodhisattva paths | Dharmak&amp;#x12B;rti on inference from effect. A discussion of verse 12 and the Svavrtti of the Sv&amp;#x101;rth&amp;#x101;num&amp;#x101;na chapter of the Pram&amp;#x101;ṇav&amp;#x101;rttika | Problems of transcribing avin&amp;#x101;bh&amp;#x101;va into predicate logic | PrajñPrajñ&amp;#x101;karagupta’s interpretation of mental perceptionkaragupta’s interpretation of mental perception | Bhoja and Dharmak&amp;#x12B;rti | Phya pa Chos kyi seng ge’s views on perception | Nondual cognition | On the classification of any&amp;#x101;poha | Compassion in Buddhist logic – Dharmak&amp;#x12B;rti’s view of compassion as interpreted by PrajñPrajñ&amp;#x101;karagupta | Dichotomy, antarvyāpti, and dṛṣṭānta | Manu and the Buddha for Kumārila and Dharmakīrti | From Abhidharma to Dharmakīrti – With a special reference to the concept of svabhāva | A critique of the Buddhist theory of adhyavasāya in the Pratyabhijñā school | Dharmakīrti’s criticism of external realism and the sliding scale of analysis | On the development of the argument to prove vijñaptimātratā | On the (im)perceptibility of external objects in Dharmakīrti’s epistemology | Prajñākaragupta on the pramāṇas and their objects | pramāṇapariāuddhasakalatattvajña, sarvajña and sarvasarvajña | Bhāsarvajña’s Interpretation of bhāva eva nāśaḥ and a related chronological problem | The proof of impermanence in the dGe lugs pa’s pramāṇa theory | The concept of samayābhoga in the refutation of the existence of universals | On the term anupalabdhi | Śākyabuddhi and Dharmottara on the inference of momentariness based on the absence of external causes of destruction | antarvyāpti and bahirvyāpti re-examined | Did Dharmakīrti think the Buddha had desires? | Dignāga, Bhāviveka and Dharmakīrti on apoha | Dharmakīrti’s intention to quote Pramāṇasamuccaya III 12 | Vācaspatimiśra and Jñānaśrīmitra on the object of yogipratyakṣa | Non-cognition and the third pramāṇa | What makes all the produced impermanent? Proof of impermanence and theory of causality | Reconsidering the fragment of the Bṛhaṭṭīkā on restriction (niyama)

The proceedings volume of the Fourth International Dharmakirti Conference, held in Vienna in 2005, includes a collection of thirty-six essays devoted to the work of one of the most influential philosophers of India, the sixth-century Buddhist scholar Dharmakirti. It is the next volume in a series of Dharmakirti conference proceedings that includes, to date, Studies in the Buddhist Epistemological Tradition (Vienna 1991) and Dharmakirti's Thought and Its Impact on Indian and Tibetan Philosophy (Vienna 1999). The papers in this volume present research on the Buddhist logical and epistemological tradition in India and Tibet, including its cultural, philosophical and religious significance, and also emphasize the tradition's import on non-Buddhist philosophy and religion. They also report on some of the remarkable (and very important) new textual sources that have become available in recent years, namely, newly discovered Sanskrit texts by Dharmakirti and his followers. The contributions provide a rigorous and detailed overview of tlle astonishing Progress that has been made in understanding the work of Dharmakirti and his successors. Moreover, a number of essays break new ground by demonstrating various non-Buddhist contexts in which Dharmakirti's work was taken up and dealt with critically 

Proceedings of the Fourth International Dharmakirti Conference Vienna, August 23‒7, 2005

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Religion and Logic in Buddhist Philosophical Analysis

The present volume marks the beginning of a series of “Sanskrit Texts From the Tibetan Autonomous Region” (STTAR) jointly published by the publishing houses of the China Tibetology Research Center, Beijing, and the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, on the basis of a “General Agreement on Cooperative Studies of Copies of Sanskrit Texts and their Joint Publication signed January 9, 2004. It is also the first result of a cooperation between the Chinese Tibetology Research Center and the Institute for Cultural and Intellectual History of Asia of the Austrian Academy of Sciences with the aim of making these unique jewels of philosophical and religious texts from the Buddhist past which are preserved in their original Sanskrit language in the TAR available in scholarly editions for the first time. This volume consists of two parts. The critically edited Sanskrit text of Jinendrabuddhi's Prama?asamuccaya?ika, chapter 1 (“on perception”) is accompanied by a diplomatic edition of the text. The editions are based on photocopies of a palm-leaf manuscript kept in Lhasa which, to our present knowledge, is the only one extent. Jinendrabuddhi's commentary of the second half of the eighth century CE is, moreover, the only commentary known to have been written on that work which marks the very beginning of the Buddhist tradition of epistemology and logic in the first half of the sixth century: Dignaga's Prama?asamuccaya. The linguistic and interpretational value of Jinendrabuddhi's text is particularly great in view of the fact that Dignaga's seminal work has not yet been discovered in the original Sanskrit, and that his various polemical treatises on other epistemological authors and schools of his time are unlikely to have been transmitted very long. Moreover, Jinendrabuddhi provides us with numerous quotations from works before Dignaga which belong to all the traditions of brahmanical classical Indian philosophy, but have been irretrievably lost. The great import of Jinendrabuddhi's work has long been well-known through its Tibetan translation. Thus, the publication of its Sanskrit original will have far-reaching consequences for the knowledge and interpretation of the Indian philosophical traditions in their classical Gupta period expressions. 

Part I: Critical Edition Part II: Diplomatic Edition

Jinendrabuddhi´s Visalamalavati Pramanasamuccayatika

Ausgehend von dem Essay „Zusammenfassung der Widerlegung Gottes“ (Īśvarāpākaraṇasaṅkṣepa, abgek. ĪAS) des in Kaschmir wirkenden Śaṅkaranandana (940/50-1020/30) wird die Entwicklung der polemischen Auseinandersetzung zwischen der buddhistischen erkenntnistheoretischen Schule und der theistischen Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika-Schule seit ihrem in Dharmakīrtis (ca. 600-660) Werken greifbaren Beginn aufgerollt. Zu diesem Zwecke werden die entsprechenden Textabschnitte aus Dharmakīrtis Pramāṇavārttika (PV 2.8-16) und Pramāṇaviniścaya (PVin 3.70-75) zusammen mit den Kommentaren Devendrabuddhis, Śākyabuddhis, Dharmottaras und Manorathanandins in kritischer Edition samt annotierter Übersetzung vorgelegt. Mit der Edition (kritisch und facsimile) und Interpretation des ĪAS wird erstmals ein Werk von Śaṅkaranandana zugänglich gemacht. Ergänzt wird diese Ausgabe durch einen anonymen unvollständigen Kommentar, der etwa die Hälfte des ĪAS abdeckt. In einer einleitenden Studie werden Dharmakīrtis Argumente gegen die Existenz Gottes, die auch in den folgenden Jahrhunderten im Zentrum der Polemik stehen, mit ergänzenden Materialien aus den Arbeiten von Śāntarakṣita, Kamalaśīla und Prajñākaragupta erörtert und erklärt. Einen weiteren Schwerpunkt bildet die Zurückweisung der buddhistischen Vorwürfe durch die theistische Tradition. Hier werden die entsprechenden, die Polemik bestimmenden Gegenargumente von Śankarasvāmin, Trilocana, Vācaspatimiśra, Jayantabhaṭṭa, Bhāsarvajña und Vittoka, gestützt auf in einer Auswahl kritisch vorgelegte Textpassagen, vorgeführt. Abgerundet wird die Studie durch eine philosophiehistorische Einordnung von Śaṅkaranandanas ĪAS unter Bezug auf die Argumente der eben genannten Gelehrten und im Lichte von Utpaladevas Traktat „Nachweis der Existenz Gottes“ (Īśvarasiddhi). Taking as its starting point the essay “Summary of the refutation of God” of Śaṅkaranandana (940/50-1020/30 in Kashmir), this study sets out the development of the polemic debate between the Buddhist epistemological school and the theistic Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika school from its initial stages, as observed in the works of Dharmakīrti (ca. 600-660). For this purpose the relevant passages from Dharmakīrti’s Pramāṇavārttika (PV 2.8-16) and Pramāṇaviniscaya (PVin 3.70-75), together with the commentaries by Devendrabuddhi, Śākyabuddhi, Dharmottara and Manorathanandin, are presented in a critical edition with an annotated translation. This (critical and facsimile) edition and the interpretation of the ĪAS, makes a work by Śaṅkaranandana accessible for the first time. The edition is supplemented by an incomplete anonymous commentary that deals with about half of the ĪAS. An introductory study discusses and explains Dharmakīrti’s arguments against the existence of God, emphasized in the polemics of the following centuries, as well as relevant material from the works of Śāntarakṣita, Kamalaśīla and Prajñākaragupta. Another focus of ths study is the theistic tradition’s rejection of Buddhist criticism. Here, the corresponding counterarguments of Śankarasvāmin, Trilocana, Vācaspatimiśra, Jayantabhaṭṭa, Bhāsarvajña and Vittoka that determine the polemic debate are depicted on the basis of a systematic presentation of selected passages. The study is rounded off with a philosophical-historical classification of Śaṅkaranandana’s ĪAS with respect to the arguments of the aforementioned scholars and in the light of Utpaladeva’s treatise “Proof of the existence of God” (Īśvarasiddhi). 

Helmut Krasser

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Cultural Flows across the Western Himalaya

Scriptural Authority, Reason and Action

Jinendrabuddhi´s Viśalamalavati Pramaṇasamuccayaṭika Chapter 2

Can the Veda speak?

Religion and Logic in Buddhist Philosophical Analysis

Jinendrabuddhi´s Visalamalavati Pramanasamuccayatika

Śaṅkaranandanas Īśvarāpākaraṇasaṅkṣepa mit einem anonymen Kommentar und weiteren Materialien zur buddhistischen Gottespolemik

Dharmottaras kurze Untersuchung der Gültigkeit einer Erkenntnis Laghupramanyapariksa

Dharmottaras Exkurs zur Definition gültiger Erkenntnis (pramāṇa) im Pramāṇaviniścaya