Editorial | Research | Biosphere Reserves as drivers of regional governance? Communication challenges within the UNESCO Biosphere Reserves Engiadina Val Müstair (Switzerland) and Schwäbische Alb (Germany) | Understanding the mountainscape dynamics and its drivers using geospatial technology and indigenous knowledge in the Ado-Awaye Mountains, Nigeria | National Parks in Twitter: A German-speaking perspective | Avitourism as an aspect of sustainable mountain development: a case study from Southern China | Management &amp; Policy Issues | Wolf–Human coexistence in the Alps: the LIFE WolfAlps EU project | On-site visitor information – a team effort | News | News from ALPARC CENTR’ALPS – Strengthening cooperation between protected areas in the Alps – new network office in Immenstadt im Allgäu (DE), and a workshop | News

“eco.mont – Journal of Protected Mountain Areas Research and Management” was founded as a joint initiative of the Alpine Network of Protected Areas (ALPARC), the International Scientific Committee on Research in the Alps (ISCAR), the Austrian Academy of Sciences and the University of Innsbruck. “eco.mont” offers a platform specifically for scientists and practitioners working in and on protected mountain areas in Europe and overseas. Target audiences of the journal are scientists from all related disciplines, managers of protected areas and an interested public including practitioners, visitors, teachers, etc.“eco.mont” is available by open access under CC BY-NC-ND-Licence from the Austrian Academy Press and in a printed version from Innsbruck University Press. 

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eco.mont – Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research and Management, Vol. 15 / No. 1

eco.mont – Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research and Management, Vol. 15 / No. 1 01/2023 15 15/1 1

“eco.mont – Journal of Protected Mountain Areas Research and Management” was founded as a joint initiative of the Alpine Network of Protected Areas (ALPARC), the International Scientific Committee on Research in the Alps (ISCAR), the Austrian Academy of Sciences and the University of Innsbruck. “eco.mont” offers a platform specifically for scientists and practitioners working in and on protected mountain areas in Europe and overseas. Target audiences of the journal are scientists from all related disciplines, managers of protected areas and an interested public including practitioners, visitors, teachers, etc.“eco.mont” is available by open access under CC BY-NC-ND-Licence from the Austrian Academy Press and in a printed version from Innsbruck University Press.



Alpine protected areas play a key role in biodiversity conservation, but also in monitoring species and habitats. Since its first issue, eco.mont has published articles on long-term monitoring programmes in different areas of the Alps. In this issue 17 authors present the conceptual framework and a summary of the results of the first five years of a long-term monitoring programme of terrestrial and aquatic alpine biota in the Alps (Austria, Italy and Switzerland). Another long-term monitoring study takes us to the Macun Lakes in the Swiss National Park which started in 2001. Further studies took place in the semi-arid North African Nador Mountains; to the Caucasus and the effects of landforms and climate on vegetation dynamics; to Lake Paiku in Mount Qomolangma National Nature Reserve in Tibet, China, and its community structure and diversity of soil nematodes at 12 selected sites; and to western Nepal and its avifaunal diversity. 

 The journal “eco.mont” – Journal of protected mountain areas research and management – was published for the first time in June 2009. The journal was founded as a joint initiative of the Alpine Network of Protected Areas (ALPARC), the International Scientific Committee on Research in the Alps (ISCAR), the Austrian Academy of Sciences (ÖAW) and the University of Innsbruck. The journal aims to highlight research on and management issues in protected areas in the Alps without excluding other protected mountain areas in Europe or overseas. Its target audiences are scientists from all related disciplines, managers of protected areas and interested individuals including practitioners, visitors, teachers, etc. The journal presents peer-reviewed articles in English by authors who research protected mountain areas and management issues within these areas. It's published twice a year as a collaboration of the Austrian Academy of Sciences Press – responsible for the e-version – and Innsbruck University Press – responsible for the print version. 

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eco.mont – Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research and Management, Vol. 14 / No. 2

eco.mont – Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research and Management, Vol. 14 / No. 2 07/2022 14 14/2 2

Die Zeitschrift „eco.mont“ – Zeitschrift zur Forschung in Gebirgsschutzgebieten – erschien im Juni 2009 zum ersten Mal. Die Zeitschrift wurde auf Initiative des Netzwerks Alpiner Schutzgebiete (ALPARC), der Schweizer Akademie der Naturwissenschaften (ISCAR), der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (ÖAW) und der Universität Innsbruck gegründet. Sie hat das Ziel, Themen zu behandeln, die gleichzeitig Forschung und Verwaltung in und über die Schutzgebiete der Alpen betreffen, ohne dabei andere Gebirgsschutzgebiete Europas oder anderswo auszuschließen. Diese neue Zeitschrift richtet sich an ein Publikum von Wissenschaftlern der verschiedensten Fachbereiche, an die Verwalter von Schutzgebieten und an alle sonstigen Interessierten, Praktiker, Besucher, Lehrpersonal etc. einbegriffen. Die Zeitschrift veröffentlicht begutachtete Beiträge auf Englisch von Autoren, die Fragen der Gebirgsschutzgebiete und deren Verwaltung betreffen. Sie erscheint zweimal pro Jahr, auf der Basis der gemeinsamen Anstrengungen des Verlags der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, der für die digitale Fassung verantwortlich ist, und der Presse der Universität Innsbruck, verantwortlich für die gedruckte Fassung.  The journal “eco.mont” – Journal of protected mountain areas research and management – was published for the first time in June 2009. The journal was founded as a joint initiative of the Alpine Network of Protected Areas (ALPARC), the International Scientific Committee on Research in the Alps (ISCAR), the Austrian Academy of Sciences (ÖAW) and the University of Innsbruck. The journal aims to highlight research on and management issues in protected areas in the Alps without excluding other protected mountain areas in Europe or overseas. Its target audiences are scientists from all related disciplines, managers of protected areas and interested individuals including practitioners, visitors, teachers, etc. The journal presents peer-reviewed articles in English by authors who research protected mountain areas and management issues within these areas. It's published twice a year as a collaboration of the Austrian Academy of Sciences Press – responsible for the e-version – and Innsbruck University Press – responsible for the print version. 

eco.mont – Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research and Management, Vol. 14 / No. 1

eco.mont – Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research and Management, Vol. 14 / No. 1 01/2022 14 14/1 1

Editorial by Günter Köck, Valerie Braun and Arne Arnberger | Editorial by Miguel Clüsener-Godt  | Engaging the United States Network of Biosphere Reserves in a changing social-political context | Pärke, Parks and Reservate – biosphere reserves in Austria, Germany and Switzerland on their way towards Biosphere 4.0? | Supplementary Table 2 – Examples of the conservation, development and logistical support functions from Borsdorf et al. (2020) | Potential and challenges of the Serengeti-Ngorongoro Biosphere Reserve, Tanzania | Towards inclusive environmental governance in the Arganeraie Biosphere Reserve, Morocco  | Local residents’ place attachment and the perceived benefits for them of the UNESCO Wienerwald Biosphere Reserve  | Golija-Studenica Biosphere Reserve (Serbia) as a Driver of Change | Gender differences in visitor motivation and satisfaction: the case of Golija-Studenica Biosphere Reserve, Serbia | Austrian UNESCO Biosphere Reserves as model regions for regional culinary enjoyment | Table S1 – List of typical culinary products from Austrian BRs | Mountain research in UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere Programme: the first five decades | Biocultural resistance and re-existence through a dialogue of knowledges and citizen art in a threatened biosphere reserve | Depopulation and rural shrinkage in Subantarctic Biosphere Reserves: envisioning re-territorialization by young people | Keeping the landscape open – challenges and successful strategies in the Black Forest Biosphere Reserve  | Insights from 20 years of research in the Entlebuch UNESCO Biosphere Reserve | A Man and the Biosphere Reserve as a natural and socio-economic laboratory for the sustainable future of small rural communities | The Julian Alps UNESCO Biosphere Reserve | About borders and limits: experiences with UNESCO Biosphere Reserves for transboundary cooperation in Ukraine and neighbouring countries

Die Zeitschrift „eco.mont“ – Zeitschrift zur Forschung in Gebirgsschutzgebieten – erschien im Juni 2009 zum ersten Mal. Die Zeitschrift wurde auf Initiative des Netzwerks Alpiner Schutzgebiete (ALPARC), der Schweizer Akademie der Naturwissenschaften (ISCAR), der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (ÖAW) und der Universität Innsbruck gegründet. Sie hat das Ziel, Themen zu behandeln, die gleichzeitig Forschung und Verwaltung in und über die Schutzgebiete der Alpen betreffen, ohne dabei andere Gebirgsschutzgebiete Europas oder anderswo auszuschließen. Diese neue Zeitschrift richtet sich an ein Publikum von Wissenschaftlern der verschiedensten Fachbereiche, an die Verwalter von Schutzgebieten und an alle sonstigen Interessierten, Praktiker, Besucher, Lehrpersonal etc. einbegriffen. Die Zeitschrift veröffentlicht begutachtete Beiträge auf Englisch von Autoren, die Fragen der Gebirgsschutzgebiete und deren Verwaltung betreffen. Sie erscheint zweimal pro Jahr, auf der Basis der gemeinsamen Anstrengungen des Verlags der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, der für die digitale Fassung verantwortlich ist, und der Presse der Universität Innsbruck, verantwortlich für die gedruckte Fassung.  

Me and the Biosphere. 50th Anniversary of UNESCO’s MAB Programme

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eco.mont – Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research and Management, Vol. 13 / Special Issue 2021

eco.mont – Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research and Management, Vol. 13 / Special Issue 2021 11/2021 13 13/Special Issue Special Issue

“eco.mont – Journal of Protected Mountain Areas Research and Management” was founded as a joint initiative of the Alpine Network of Protected Areas (ALPARC), the International Scientific Committee on Research in the Alps (ISCAR), the Austrian Academy of Sciences and the University of Innsbruck. “eco.mont” offers a platform specifically for scientists and practitioners working in and on protected mountain areas in Europe and overseas. Target audiences of the journal are scientists from all related disciplines, managers of protected areas and an interested public including practitioners, visitors, teachers, etc.“eco.mont” is available by open access under CC BY-NC-ND-Licence from the Austrian Academy Press and in a printed version from Innsbruck University Press.



Since Covid-19 forced many of us to stay at home and work from there, many meetings were held online or even cancelled altogether. Virtual meetings, advanced as they may be, have not been able to really replace physical meetings. Thus, the editorial board of eco.mont decided to introduce themselves to our readers in the editorial of this issue and to share their enthusiasm for the idea behind the journal. The scientific articles in this issue analyse the discourses of two movements opposing national park projects in Switzerland, illustrate the resilience of protected mountain areas in Austria and Nepal, and explore the motives for visiting national parks in Serbia. The reports in this issue showcase a variety of different topics: the sustainable forest development in the Styrian Eisenwurzen Nature and Geopark which is embedded between the Dürrenstein wilderness area, the Kalkalpen National Park and the Gesäuse National Park; the development of partnerships between nature conservation and local companies in the Styrian Eisenwurzen Nature Park and Gesäuse National Park; the description of a participatory process to work on a regional development concept for the UNESCO Biosphere Reserve Großes Walsertal; the opportunities and challenges for transdisciplinary research in flood risk management in Austria; the field project in the Nature 2000 area Spessart which reached the final stage of the 2020 EU-Natura 2000 award; the different ontologies and opposing views on mountains which led to a temporarily protected area in the Peruvian Andes; the current status and future prospects of the Lhalu wetland in Lhasa city in Tibet; the description of an Alpine session within the Mountain Biodiversity Day and the introduction of a project which values and benefits from the ecological infrastructure in Swiss parks. This edition again showcases the many issues that affect protected mountain areas.

 

eco.mont – Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research and Management, Vol. 13 / No. 2

eco.mont – Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research and Management, Vol. 13 / No. 2 07/2021 13 13/2 2

eco.mont – Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research and Management, Vol. 13 / No. 1

eco.mont – Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research and Management, Vol. 13 / No. 1 01/2021 13 13/1 1

Editorial | Protected Areas and Territorial Tensions: The Ticinese Case of Adula Park  | Herpetofauna diversity in the middle of the Southern Carpathians: data from a recent survey (2016–2018) in Cozia National Park (Romania)  | The economic impact of tourism on protected natural areas: examining the influence of physical activity intensity on visitors’ spending levels  | Why do people leave marked trails? Implications for managing outdoor recreationists | LIFE Lech – Dynamic River System Lech  | The Italian Julian Alps – A new Biosphere Reserve for a sustainable future  | Conservation, development and logistical support: How are these three functions incorporated in Austrian Biosphere Reserves? | From a research vision to a state-of-the-art research strategy: UNESCO experts’ meeting in the Karst and River Reka Basin Biosphere Reserve | Book Review

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eco.mont – Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research and Management, Vol. 12 / No. 2

eco.mont – Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research and Management, Vol. 12 / No. 2 07/2020 12 12/2 2

Editorial | Understanding Pacific Northwest (U.S.) mountain climbers’ motivations: Mount Baker, Washington, and Mount Hood, Oregon | Land-cover change in the Tatra Mountains, with a particular focus on vegetation | Linking visitors’ spatial preferences to sustainable visitor management in a Norwegian national park | The problem of solid waste on the tourist trails of Tatra National Park, Poland | Empty spaces that are full of cultural history: an innovative proposal for the management of a protected area of Chimborazo volcano (Ecuador) | The IUCN Green List as a tool for protected area management – the example of City meets Nature | WebGIS for communicating Alpine ecosystem services: stakeholder engagement in Slovenian protected areas | Vascular plants in the tourist area of Lushan National Nature Reserve, China: status, threats and conservation | Supplementary Table to Wang Hui et al. | The Nature Park movement in Austria – from recreational areas to(wards) model regions for sustainable development | Book Review | News

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eco.mont – Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research and Management, Vol. 12 / No. 1

eco.mont – Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research and Management, Vol. 12 / No. 1 01/2020 12 12/1 1

Editorial by Herbert Wölger | Protection by culling: the crux of red deer management in National Parks | Access to and use of the Wienerwald Biosphere Reserve by Turkish and Chinese people living in Austria – implications for planning | Trail races in protected mountain areas and their effects on sustainable development | A method to determine the potential for flora tourism in mountainous regions: a case study of the Kackar Mountains National Park, Turkey | The UNESCO Dolni Morava Biosphere Reserve – A model for cultural landscape management | The Karst Biosphere Reserve in Slovenia | Popular religion and sustainability: enhancing synergies within a Biosphere Reserve | Bird conservation in the Alpilles, Southern France | News

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eco.mont – Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research and Management, Vol. 11 / No. 2

eco.mont – Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research and Management, Vol. 11 / No. 2 07//2019 11 11/2 2

Editorial | New data concerning the butterfly fauna (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea) of Veglia – Devero Natural Park and its surroundings (northwestern Italian Alps) | A contribution to the knowledge of Linaria tonzigii Lona, a steno-endemic species of the Orobie Bergamasche Regional Park (Italian Alps) | How conceptions of equity and justice shape national park negotiations: The case of Parc Adula, Switzerland | A geographical and architectural perspective on Alpine hay meadow abandonment in Bohinj, Slovenia | Geodiversity meets Biodiversity: a landscape approach for biogeocultural conservation and governance in Mediterranean central Chile | The state of climate change research in Swiss protected areas | News

eco.mont – Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research and Management, Vol. 11 / No. 1

eco.mont – Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research and Management, Vol. 11 / No. 1 01/2019 11 11/1 1

Editorial by the editors and the editorial board - Related projects recorded in the European Mountain Pool | Fish species abundance and distribution in Wuyishan National Nature Reserve, Jiangxi Province, China | Abandonment of timber harvesting favours European beech over silver fir: evidence from Val Tovanella Nature Reserve in the southern Dolomites (Northern Italy) | Where farmers see their role – Influence on sustainable regional development approaches in Alpine biosphere reserves | Biosphere Reserves research: a bibliometric analysis | Natura 2000 sites in the Polish Carpathians vs local development: inevitable conflict? | Urbanization and the advent of regional conservation: Huancayo and the Cordillera Huaytapallana, Peru | A strangely-shaped protection area | Whatsalp – A hiking study across the Alps | Networking as a crucial step towards sustainability in biosphere reserves: 1st symposium Biosphere Reserves in Transition Towards Sustainability, Pucón (Chile), 20 October 2017 | Mountain parks in Norway – research and European collaboration | Mountain research in protected areas in the Carpathians – a brief overview | Gesäuse – An Alpine National Park of endemic species and biodiversity research | A brief history of peer-reviewed mountain journals: how platforms for knowledge relevant to sustainable mountain development emerged | Book Review | News

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eco.mont – Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research and Management, Vol. 10 / No. 2

eco.mont – Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research and Management, Vol. 10 / No. 2 07/2018 10 10/2 2

Editorial - Related projects recorded in the European Mountain Pool | Perceived health benefits of managed and unmanaged meadows in a mountain biosphere reserve – an experimental study in the Austrian Alps | Willingness to engage in physically challenging activities as a visitor-segmentation criterion: the case of five protected areas in Catalonia | Visitor profiling for cable car mountain destinations as a basis for protected area management: a case study of the summer season in the Tatra Mountains at Kasprowy Wierch (Poland) and Skalnaté Pleso (Slovakia) | Birds of Mount Nemrut National Park Area, Turkey | From natural forest to cultivated land: Lichen species diversity along land-use gradients in Kanchenjunga, Eastern Nepal | A growth simulation model as a support tool for conservation management strategy in a mountain protected area | Spatial variation analysis of soil properties using spatial statistics: a case study in the region of Sabalan mountain, Iran | An example of a protected area which has been opened to tourism: Tunca Valley Natural Park (NE Turkey) | Private Protected Areas in Latin America: Between conservation, sustainability goals and economic interests. A review | News

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eco.mont – Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research and Management, Vol. 10 / No. 1

eco.mont – Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research and Management, Vol. 10 / No. 1 01/2018 10 10/1 1

Editorial - Related projects recorded in the European Mountain Pool | Mount Cavallo Botanical Path: a proposal for the valorization of an area of the Orobie Bergamasche Regional Park (Southern Alps) | Euphrasia’s hide-and-seek: periodicity of occurrence in some high-mountain species of Euphrasia (Orobanchaceae) and its consequences for botanical research on protected areas | Mountain protected areas as refuges for threatened freshwater species: the detrimental effect of the direct introduction of alien species | OpenStreetMap used in protected area management. The example of the recreational infrastructure in Berchtesgaden National Park | Geocaching in Austrian National Parks | Whitewater recreationists’ preferences for social, resource and managerial attributes in the Alpine Nature and Geopark Styrian Eisenwurzen | When things go wrong? – Communication and learning gaps between managers and their environmental advisors; a cartoon collaboration | Wildlife disturbance and winter recreational activities in Alpine protected areas: recommendations for successful management | Report of the EuroMAB Conference 2017, Building a sustainable future together, Dordogne Basin Biosphere Reserve, Sarlat-la-Canéda, (France), 4–7 April 2017 | Institutionalizing cooperation between biosphere reserves and universities – the example of Science_Linknockberge | Book Reviews | News

eco.mont – Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research and Management, Vol. 9 / No. 2

eco.mont – Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research and Management, Vol. 9 / No. 2 07/2017 9 9/2 2

Editorial by Michael Vogel | Protected areas and population development in the Alps | Alpine parks between yesterday and tomorrow – a conceptual history of Alpine national parks via tourism in charismatic parks in Austria, Germany and Switzerland | Nature-based tourism and nature protection: quality standards for travelling in protected areas in the Alps | The opportunity costs of worthless land: The nexus between national parks and glacier ski resorts in the Alps | Conflicts, acceptance problems and participative policies in the national parks of the French Alps | Triglav National Park, Slovenia, and its contribution to regional development | A demographic perspective on the spatial behaviour of hikers in mountain areas: the example of Berchtesgaden | New governance of protected areas: regional nature parks in Switzerland | The Austrian Biosphere Reserves in the light of changing MAB strategies | The Dolomites UNESCO World Heritage: visitors’ mobility behaviour and acceptance of regulatory measures | The protection of Alpine open spaces and the Alpine Convention – a timeline | News

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eco.mont – Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research and Management, Vol. 9 - Special Issue

eco.mont – Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research and Management, Vol. 9 - Special Issue 01/2017 9 9/Special Issue Special Issue

Editorial by Valerie Braun and a good-bye note from Brigitte Scott | Do large private protected areas contribute to sustainable development? A case study from the Huilo Huilo Biological Reserve in Neltume, Chile | The fishes’ last stand: the fish fauna of Jiu River Gorge, between decades of coal mining and present day hydroenergetic works | Vegetation analysis and estimation of forest reconstitution time in protected areas of Val Camonica (Southern Alps) where a commercial mixture of seeds was sown | Using drones as a monitoring tool to detect evidence of winter sports activities in a protected mountain area | The Tyrolean Alps LTSER platform – providing scientific insights for better management of protected areas |  We are the political landscape – Governance in European protected areas. Report on the tutorial held at the EUROPARC Conference 2016 | Book Review / News

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Martin Coy

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