Dieser Band umfasst acht Beiträge aus dem Gebiet früher Tibetstudien mit einer stark sozialanthropologischen und historischen Perspektive. Der thematische Fokus liegt auf dem Sozialen und Religiösen bei der Entstehung von tibetischen Gesellschaften, hauptsächlich zwischen dem 7. und 17. Jh. Dies beinhaltet Untersuchungen der Konzeption der Herrscher des frühen Tibet des 7.–9. Jh. und ihrer Bestattungsbräuche, sozio-politische Topographie, die Adoption des Buddhismus als Staatsreligion im 8. Jh. und seine Rolle bei der Gründung des westtibetischen Königreichs im 10. Jh. ebenso wie Ritualtraditionen in späteren regionalen Kontexten (nach dem 11. Jh.).

   Die wichtigste Hypothese, die den Beiträgen zugrundeliegt, ist die unauflösliche Verbindung des Religiösen mit dem Sozialen, die in Formulierungen von „Brauch“ und „Tradition“ und einer Konzeption von „sakralem“ Königstum und verwandten Ritualpraktiken in vorbuddhistischen Kontexten reflektiert wird, die mit der Einführung und Etablierung des Buddhismus modifiziert und in postdynastischer Zeit an verschiedene regionale Kontexte angepasst wurden.

   Die Basis dieser Studien besteht in bis jetzt wenig untersuchten schriftlichen Primärquellen (tibetischen Texten, Manuskripten und Inschriften) und einer Fülle von jeweils neu dokumentierten archäologischen, geographischen und ethnographischen Daten. Neben dem ausgeprägten Augenmerk auf Primärquellen besteht ein weiterer innovativer Aspekt des gesamten Bandes in der erfolgreichen Anwendung frischer sozialanthropologischer Konzepte des Sozialen und Religiösen auf eine Vielfalt von historischen Kontexten in Tibet, insbesondere des 7.–9. Jh. This volume contains eight contributions belonging to the field of early Tibetan studies with a strong social anthropological and historical perspective. The thematic focus is related to the social and the religious in the making of Tibetan societies primarily between the 7th and 17th century. This includes studies of the conception of the rulers of early (7th–9th century) Tibet and their burial customs, the socio-political topography, the adoption of Buddhism as state religion in the 8th century and its role in the foundation of the West Tibetan kingdom in the 10th century as well as ritual traditions in later (post-11th century) regional contexts. 

   The main hypothesis underlying the contributions in this volume is the indissoluble connection of the religious with the social, which is reflected in formulations of "custom" and "tradition" and a conception of "sacred" kingship and related ritual practices in pre-Buddhist contexts that were modified with the introduction and establishment of Buddhism and adapted in post-dynastic times to various regional contexts.

   In these studies, the basis is formed by so far little-researched primary written sources (Tibetan texts, manuscripts, and inscriptions) and a wealth of newly documented first-hand archaeological, geographic, and ethnographic data. Beside the keen attention to primary sources throughout the volume, another strongly innovative aspect consists of the successful application of fresh concepts in the social anthropology of the social and the religious to a variety of historical, in particular 7th–9th century Tibetan contexts.

New Perspectives on Imperial Tibet

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The Social and the Religious in the Making of Tibetan Societies

Diese von Karel Kriz und Guntram Hazod erstellte Karte ist aus einer Zusammenarbeit zwischen dem Institut für Sozialanthropologie (ISA) der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften und dem Institut für Geographie und Regionalforschung der Universität Wien entstanden. Sie dokumentiert die Position der über 600 Hügelgräberfelder von Zentraltibet, die das am ISA angesiedelte Projekt "The Burial Mounds of Central Tibet" bisher registrieren konnte. Diese Orte, die historisch der Zeit des Tibetischen Reiches (7.–9. Jh. u. Z.) zuzuordnen sind, verweisen im geographisch relativ kleinen Gebiet von Zentraltibet, der Kernregion des tibetischen Reiches, auf eine Tumulus-Landschaft von enormer Dichte. Das Beiheft zur Karte erläutert die Grundthematik der tibetischen Tumulus-Geschichte und beinhaltet eine Auflistung der Gräberorte und ihrer prinzipiellen Klassifizierungen. This map created by Karel Kriz and Guntram Hazod is the result of a cooperation between the Institute for Social Anthropology (ISA) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences and the Department of Geography and Regional Research of the University of Vienna. It illustrates the position of the more than 600 burial mound fields of the Central Tibetan region that have been registered so far by the project “The Burial Mounds of Central Tibet” at ISA. The entries, historically related to the time of the Tibetan Empire (7th–9th century CE), reveal a tumulus landscape of enormous concentration in the relatively small geographic area of Central Tibet – the heartland of the Tibetan Empire. The supplement gives insight in the general topic of the burial mound history and includes a listing of the sites and their principal classifications.

Map scale I: 800 000

The Burial Mound Sites of Imperial Central Tibet 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | AN INTRODUCTION TO THE FUNERARY DOCUMENTS OF THIS STUDY | PART I - THE ILLUMINATED FUNERARY MANUSCRIPT | PART II - THE GATHANG BUMPA FUNERARY DOCUMENTS | PART III - SELECTED ORIGINS MYTHS AND RITUALS FROM THE DUNHUANG FUNERARY MANUSCRIPTS | CONCLUSION | BIBLIOGRAPHY | INDEXES

This monograph brings to light the eschatological patterns and procedural constructs of death rites in ancient Tibet. It is centered on documents written between circa 800 CE and 1100 CE, which include an illuminated funerary manuscript of much rarity, two death ritual texts recently recovered in southern Tibet from the Gathang Bumpa religious monument, and several related manuscripts discovered in the Dunhuang grottoes a century ago. This book builds upon previous efforts of the author to explicate the otherworldly dimension in early Tibetan religion and culture. Many of the documents of this study were written in the Old Tibetan language and represent the oldest known literary sources for research into Tibetan funerary traditions. The work is underpinned by annotated translations, which are critically edited and painstakingly provided with Classical Tibetan word equivalents. Each featured text is described in detail and subjected to a rigorous religious and historical analysis. Other Tibetan literature that supports the comprehension of the foundational texts of this study is also marshaled. These textual assets complement one another by progressively revealing an indigenous belief system and praxis of great depth and intricacy. The antiquated narrations and rituals concerning death presented in this book furnish a lucid view of cultural forms that circulated around Tibet before its religious universe became saturated with Buddhism and Buddhist-influenced doctrines and practices. Especially when seen through the lens of the archaeological record, the sheer intellectual and material wealth borne in the archaic funerary traditions demonstrates that Tibet was endowed with culturally advanced societies in the time before the spread of Lamaism. Bibliographies and indexes (with glossary) are appended to the main text. 

Archaic Concepts and Practices in a Thousand-Year-Old Illuminated Funerary Manuscript and Old Tibetan Funerary Documents of Gathang Bumpa and Dunhuang

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Death and Beyond in Ancient Tibet

Appendix I | Appendix VI, 1 von 2 | Appendix V | Appendix III | PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | Appendix IV | BIBLIOGRAPHY | ILLUSTRATIONS (Maps and Photographs), 2 von 2 | INTRODUCTION | Appendix VI, 2 von 2 | Appendix II | PART I | ILLUSTRATIONS (Maps and Photographs), 1 von 2 | INDEX

The present study constitutes an extensive contribution to the historical study of early and medieval Tibet and can be seen as follow-up to two previous works published by the same authors in 2000 and 2005 (ÖAW, Beiträge zur Kultur- und Geistesgeschichte Asiens, Nos. 36 and 46). It is the continuation of an on-going fruitful cooperation between European and Tibetan researchers. The authors also here follow a strict methodological approach that combine in-depth textual analyses, philology, anthropological inquiries and fieldwork thereby creating a new approach within the field of Tibetan historical study. In addition and pursuant to the textual elaboration, the endeavour to identify and localize all relevant toponyms and the detailed cartographical work following it opens up a new dimension to the historical study and what might be labelled historical geography, throwing new light on the historical development and its ramifications in the hinterlands of the political and religious centres. Starting from the history of the Tshal-pa - in the 13-14th century the religious and political hegemony of sKyid-shod, the core region of Northern Central Tibet - the present study offers new insight into the relations and interaction between clan, territory, religious lineages and local powers within this region around Lhasa in the period from the 11th to the 17th century. Part 1 of the book (=volume 1 of the present edition) is a translation of a basic text concerning the history of Tshal Gung-thang; the latter means the monastic centre near Lhasa (today only partly extant) which was founded by the charismatic ascetic, yogin and religious head Gung-thang Bla-ma Zhang (1123-1193). Connected to it is a very detailed annotation of the text, drawing up a host of (partly rare or unknown) comparative sources on the earlier history of this region. Part 2 includes five appendices: four lengthy individual studies on various aspects of the history (and cultic tradition) of Tshal-pa and the Lhasa valley, as well as a compilation of several historical tables. This includes clan genealogies, lists of religious institutions, lists of names, such as the numerous teachers and disciples of the Tshal-pa founder, religious lines of neighbouring monastic powers and not least genealogical tables of the regional hegemonies of the post Tshal-pa era. An extensive cartographical and photographical documentation (including rare historical photos) as well as the facsimile of two Tshal-pa texts complete the present work, which may be regarded as a source book or reference work on the history of sKyid-shod and the Lhasa Valley, the politically most important area in Tibet. Easy access and reference is ensured through an index which includes all personal names and place names mentioned in the two volumes. Gedruckt mit Unterstützung des Fonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung  

The present study constitutes an extensive contribution to the historical study of early and medieval Tibet and can be seen as follow-up to two previous works published by the same authors in 2000 and 2005 (ÖAW, Beiträge zur Kultur- und Geistesgeschichte Asiens, Nos. 36 and 46). It is the continuation of an on-going fruitful cooperation between European and Tibetan researchers. The authors also here follow a strict methodological approach that combine in-depth textual analyses, philology, anthropological inquiries and fieldwork thereby creating a new approach within the field of Tibetan historical study. In addition and pursuant to the textual elaboration, the endeavour to identify and localize all relevant toponyms and the detailed cartographical work following it opens up a new dimension to the historical study and what might be labelled historical geography, throwing new light on the historical development and its ramifications in the hinterlands of the political and religious centres. Starting from the history of the Tshal-pa - in the 13-14th century the religious and political hegemony of sKyid-shod, the core region of Northern Central Tibet - the present study offers new insight into the relations and interaction between clan, territory, religious lineages and local powers within this region around Lhasa in the period from the 11th to the 17th century. Part 1 of the book (=volume 1 of the present edition) is a translation of a basic text concerning the history of Tshal Gung-thang; the latter means the monastic centre near Lhasa (today only partly extant) which was founded by the charismatic ascetic, yogin and religious head Gung-thang Bla-ma Zhang (1123-1193). Connected to it is a very detailed annotation of the text, drawing up a host of (partly rare or unknown) comparative sources on the earlier history of this region. Part 2 includes five appendices: four lengthy individual studies on various aspects of the history (and cultic tradition) of Tshal-pa and the Lhasa valley, as well as a compilation of several historical tables. This includes clan genealogies, lists of religious institutions, lists of names, such as the numerous teachers and disciples of the Tshal-pa founder, religious lines of neighbouring monastic powers and not least genealogical tables of the regional hegemonies of the post Tshal-pa era. An extensive cartographical and photographical documentation (including rare historical photos) as well as the facsimile of two Tshal-pa texts complete the present work, which may be regarded as a source book or reference work on the history of sKyid-shod and the Lhasa Valley, the politically most important area in Tibet. Easy access and reference is ensured through an index which includes all personal names and place names mentioned in the two volumes. Gedruckt mit Unterstützung des Fonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung 

Ecclesiastic and Secular Hegemony in Medieval Tibet. A Study of Tshal Gung-thang

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Rulers on the Celestial Plain

Inhalt:



Guntram HAZOD und Andre GINGRICH: Der Rand der Mitte: Vorwort und Einleitung; 

Christian JAHODA: Bemerkungen zur Tradition einer weiblichen Schutzgottheit (srung ma) in Tabo (Spiti Tal, Himachal Pradesh, Indien); 

Stefan KLOOS: Amchi Medizin zwischen Rand und Mitte; 

Theresia HOFER: Die tibetische Medizintradition aus Ngamring und deren Einfluss auf das medizinische Werk von Desi Sangye Gyatso (1653–1705); 

Gerhard EMMER: Ladakh als Mitte und Rand: Zum Wandel kultureller und historischer Kontexte; 

Elke STUDER: Weiße Zelte am Schwarzen Fluss: Über die Beziehungen der nordtibetischen Klans von Nagchukha zu Lhasa in der Zeit vom 17. Jahrhundert bis heute;

Ute WALLENBÖCK: Labrang: Ethnischer und kultureller Schmelztiegel an der östlichen Peripherie Tibets; Guntram HAZOD: Die Blauschaftlinie: Zu einer tibetischen Überlieferung der Herrschertötung; 

Ernst STEINKELLNER: The Buddhist Tradition of Epistemology and Logic (tshad ma) and Its Significance for Tibetan Civilisation; 

Eva SCHWAB: Tempel, Haushalt, Migration: Anmerkungen zur Dynamik gesellschaftlicher Beziehungen bei den Yölmuwa in Helambu; 

Gabriele TAUTSCHER: Die „Zähmung“ der Seen Tsho na Tsho kar (Gosainkund) und Ama Tsho men (Bhairavkund): Zur politischen Bedeutung der Seenkulte im Himalayaraum zwischen Nepal und Tibet; 

Hilde SCHÄFFLER: Koloniale Ränder und postkoloniale Identitäten: Das Beispiel der Naga in Nordostindien 

Beiträge zur Sozialanthropologie und Kulturgeschichte Tibets und des Himalaya

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Der Rand und die Mitte

This publication represents the results of a detailed historical-philological and anthropological study dedicated to the history and cult of Khra-´brug or the Thundering Falcon temple. It constitutes the first serious inquiry into the location’s history, focusing exclusively on this major religious shrine and pilgrimage site, which, according to the Tibetan tradition, is commonly regarded as the oldest (Buddhist) temple in Tibet. The sanctuary, located in the heart of the Yar-lung Valley in southern Central Tibet, which is the cradle of the Tibetan civilization and erstwhile homeland of the Tibetan kings, was erected in the 7th century during the reign of the emperor Srong-btsan sgam-po (d. A.D. 649). Chronologically the temple may have been built immediately preceding the temple sanctuary of Lhasa, which was erected by the same king, the Ra-sa´i´ Phrul-snang, otherwise known as Jo-khang, and which is famed as the symbolic centre and national sanctum of Buddhist Tibet. The main part of the book is made up of a number of primary sources that deal with Khra-´brug, which are presented here in extensively annotated translations. These include excerpts gleaned from various historiographical works as well as local documents. One of these is a local pilgrims’ guide, Khra ´brug gnas bshad (dating from the early 20th century), which forms the most important source in the book and which is also reproduced in facsimile. Furthermore, extensive surveys that were conducted in situ are presented, gleaned from the wealth of local oral traditions that still prevail in Khra-´brug and in Yar-lung. They deliver significant new insights and thus enrich the data extracted from the written sources appreciably. Together, the source material and its comparative analysis open a door to the fascinating world behind the history of this temple, a vista that, from a modern perspective, allows us to appraise and survey central issues related to politics and religion, as well as a number of arcane cult traditions of the period from the 7th to 20th centuries. The appendices contain separate studies related to specific questions concerning the history of the temple, sometimes addressing issues going beyond Khra-´brug such as an extensive discussion of the extant lists of the first temples of the kingdom that are ascribed to the founding king Srong-btsan sgam-po. Also included is a study of the earlier local historical context, a history of the main protector gods, and various examples of the fascinating temple cults (some to a certain extent still alive, others revitalized). These assumed their decisive forms during the era of the fifth Dalai Lama, when Khra-´brug was transformed into a state temple for the emerging central government in Lhasa. Architectural documentation, several cartographical sketches based on satellite photos, an extensive photo documentation (both old and rare pictures and numerous recent photos), and, finally, the accompanying DVD (with recent documentary films devoted to the temple and its important annual festival) make this engrossing book a joy to read and a feast for the eyes, both for advanced scholars and the interested lay audience. The index includes all Tibetan and Sanskrit names (persons and places) and text titles that are cited in the translated sources. 

An Inquiry into the History and Cult of Khra-'brug, Tibets First Buddhist Temple. In cooperation with Tsering Gyalbo

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Thundering Falcon

Testimonia Epigraphica Norica Serie A / Teil 1 / Faszikel 3 Instrumentum Domesticum

The present publication offers to the academic readership for the first time a translation, transliteration and facsimile edition of three medieval and rare manuscripts recently traced in the Central Tibetan monastery of g.Ya’-bzang located in Yar-stod, foremost among which counts the g.Ya’bzang chos ’byung composed in 1475 A.D. Together the texts constitute a unique and compelling source for the post-dynastic history of the region of upper Yar-lung (i.e.Yar-stod) in southern Central Tibet. The sources deliver valuable information concerning the history and genealogy of the local royal house of the lHa Bug-pa-can-pa,and shed light on the formative history and rise of the religious throne of g.Ya’-bzang (est.1206), the key site of the g.Ya’-bzang bKa’-brgyud school, in particular emerging under the active patronage of this noble house. Throughout the 13th and 14th century it developed into the influental g.Ya’-bzang myriarchy (khri skor).

The sources include the biography of the central figure behind this powerful local entity, the charismatic g.Ya’-bzang-pa Chos kyi smon-lam (1169–1233 A.D.), whose monastery at the foot of the holy Sham-po Mountain turned into a powerful spiritual centre in this part of southern Tibet. A fascinating and illustrative portrait is drawn here, depicting the political and ideological mechanisms that governed the establishment of local post-dynastic rulership and its claims for legitimacy.

The study,combining philology,historical research and social anthropology, may serve as a sort of case-study by investigating the background and formation of these local ruling structures with their symbiotic politico-religious relationship to the religious institutions that flourished in their domain.  

Guntram Hazod

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