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Vienna Yearbook of Population Research 2010, Vol. 8

Vienna Yearbook of Population Research 2010, Vol. 8
Special issue on "Education and Demography"
Nummer:
8
Jahrgang:
2010
1. Auflage, 2011
Das „Vienna Yearbook of Population Research“ ist eine Open Access-Zeitschrift, die Beiträge zu Bevölkerungstrends sowie zu einem breiten Spektrum theoretischer und methodischer Fragen der Bevölkerungsforschung enthält. Abgesehen von Forschungs- und Übersichtsartikeln beinhaltet das Journal auch Beiträge zu Daten & Trends, die Veränderungen in der Bevölkerungsdynamik analysieren und Datenbanken sowie Dateninfrastrukturen darstellen. Darüber hinaus enthält die Zeitschrift Artikel zu Perspectives, die sich mit Ideen, Konzepten oder Theorien befassen, sowie invited Debates zu ausgewählten Fragen und Themen. Seit 2008 sind die Bände ausgewählten Themen gewidmet, die entsprechend speziellen Aufforderungen zur Einreichung thematischer Fragen veröffentlicht werden.
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Introduction

The search for a demography of education: some thoughts
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Demographic Debate

Education will be at the heart of 21st century demography
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The Literacy Myth: literacy, education and demography
Harvey J. Graff
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Mass schooling, empowerment, and demographc and economic outcomes: a note of dissent
Alaka Malwade Basu
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Refereed Articles

The causes of educational differences in fertility in Sub-Saharan Africa
This study first presents an analytic framework that describes the chain of causation linking fertility to its multiple layers of determinants. Next, this framework is applied to analyse the causes of educational fertility differences in 30 sub-Saharan African countries using data from DHS surveys. The results demonstrate that education levels are positively associated with demand for and use of contraception and negatively associated with fertility and desired family size. In addition, there are differences by level of education in the relationships between indicators. As education rises, fertility is lower at a given level of contraceptive use, contraceptive use is higher at a given level of demand, and demand is higher at a given level of desired family size. The most plausible explanations for these shifting relationships are that better-educated women marry later and less often, use contraception more effectively, have more knowledge about and access to contraception, have greater autonomy in reproductive decision-making, and are more motivated to implement demand because of the higher opportunity costs of unintended childbearing.
Schlagworte:
John Bongaarts
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Education and childlessness: the relationship between educational field, educational level, employment and childlessness among Greek women born in 1955-1959
In this article we expand the analysis of the relationship between educational attainment, educational field and fertility by presenting the case of Greece. The importance is emphasised of both educational field and occupation, as well as their role in the diversity of fertility observed among women. Our empirical investigation is based on census data (2001) pertaining to childbearing, educational and employment histories of an entire cohort of Greek women born in the country in 1955-1959. The analysis indicates that in some cases, the field of education serves better as an indicator of a woman’s potential reproductive behaviour than the educational level attained. In general, the results show some similarities with those already obtained for other countries. In particular, women educated in teaching and health care have lower permanent childlessness at any educational level than any other major grouping. Our results confirm the findings of other studies that higher education does not systematically result in higher childlessness. Among the various factors related to an educational system, which may influence the relationship between education and childlessness, we emphasise the association of education with the labour market and mainly the distinction between employment opportunities in the public and in the private sector for highly educated women. We find that, in several cases, a woman’s profession tends to modify the pattern of childlessness by educational field.
Schlagworte:
Christos Bagavos
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Postponement and recuperation of Belgian fertility: how are they related to rising female educational attainment?
Fertility trends in Europe after 1970 are routinely referred to in terms of the postponement of fertility. The shortening of the effective reproductive lifespan and its association with post-materialist values have raised questions as to whether fertility can or will be recuperated. Decomposition of cohort fertility in Belgium by level of education shows that the postponement of fertility after 1970 is closely related to the expansion of education: compared with cohorts born in 1946-1950, 40 to 50 per cent of the difference in cumulated fertility at age 25 in the 1951-1975 birth cohorts is attributable to rising educational levels. Educational differentials also prove relevant with regard to the recuperation of fertility at older ages as the tempo and quantum of order-specific fertility have responded differently to variations in the economic and policy context, depending on the educational level considered. Differential fertility trends by level of education have thus attenuated the relationship between female educational attainment and completed fertility in recent cohorts.
Schlagworte:
Karel Neels - David De Wachter
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Second birth rates across europe: interactions between women's level of education and child care enrolment
Fertility differences in Europe are to a large extent due to parity progression after the first child. We therefore use data from the third round of the European Social Survey to investigate second-birth rates in 23 countries. Focusing on the role of education level and child care availability, we argue that child care provision is an important determinant of the opportunity cost of parity progression, particularly for highly educated women. We find that in countries where the highly educated have lower second birth rates than the less educated, total fertility tends to be low, and vice versa. In addition, the effect of the timing of the first child appears to be mediated by education level and child care availability: in countries where large proportions of young children attend formal child care, the more highly educated exhibit much higher second-birth rates, while child care availability does not affect parity progression for the less educated.
Schlagworte:
Jan Van Bavel - Joanna Różańska-Putek
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Convergence or divergence of educational disparities in mortality and morbidity? The evolution of life expectancy and health expectancy by educational attainment in Austria in 1981-2006
The continuous increase in life expectancy in developed countries is typically associated with an increase in the number of years in good health, whereas the number of years in bad health rather stagnates. At present relatively little is known about trends in educational disparities in mortality and particularly morbidity. By combining life tables from census follow-up with cross-sectional survey data on self-perceived health, we are able to estimate life expectancy as well as health expectancy differences between three educational groups in Austria in 1981-2006. All educational groups have substantially gained length and quality of life (both absolute and relative) during the last decades. Between medium and low educated females, we observe a significant decrease in the life expectancy difference, but a significant increase in the health expectancy difference. No significant changes in educational differences are found among males. The educational expansion of the population has shifted a large proportion of the population to lower-risk groups.
Schlagworte:
Johannes Klotz
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Education or wealth: which matters more for reducing child mortality in developing countries?
This article systematically addresses mother’s education as a fundamental determinant of child mortality in developing countries. The main proposition is that setting the right policy priorities in developing countries requires distinguishing between the role of education and that of material resources in influencing child survival. Despite a tendency to regard both education and economic resources as interchangeable indicators of socioeconomic status, determining their relative importance with respect to child health is important because policies for enhancing one or the other can be quite different. We begin with a comprehensive review of the literature addressing the different causal mechanisms through which maternal education impacts on the health of her offspring. We include better maternal health, increased health-specific knowledge, adoption of non-traditional behaviours, and general female empowerment in addition to the effects of greater economic resources gained as a consequence of education. We use recent Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data for developing countries and examine the associations between survival of the youngest child over the first year of life, the mother’s educational attainment and the DHS indicator of household wealth both descriptively and using multivariate models. The results show that in the vast majority of countries and under virtually all models mother’s education matters more for infant survival than household wealth. Our findings challenge frequently held views and suggest a reorientation of global health policies to more directly address increasing female education as a primary policy option for improving child health.
Schlagworte:
Regina Fuchs - Elsie Pamuk - Wolfgang Lutz
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The effect of education on adult mortality and disability: a global perspective
Contemporary research primarily in the West offers a strong case for the relationship between formal education and adult health; more education, measured either by level completed or years of schooling, is associated, often in a stepwise fashion, with lower levels of mortality, morbidity and disability. In this study, we attempt to provide a global assessment of that relationship as it pertains to adult disability, using sample data from 70 countries that participated in the World Health Survey. In each of five regions and some of the largest countries outside the West we find that an increase in formal education is associated with lower levels of disability in both younger and older adults. Using the regional education-based differentials and several estimates of growth in education levels, we project levels of disability to 2050 to estimate the health and human capital benefits obtained from investments in education. We find that considering education in the population projection consistently shows lower prevalence of disability in the future, and that scenarios with better education attainment lead to lower prevalence. It is apparent that the educational dividend identified in our projection scenario should be an important policy goal, which, if anything, should be more speedily advanced in those countries and regions that have the greatest need.
Schlagworte:
Samir K.C. - Harold Lentzner
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Education and health: theoretical considerations based on a qualitative grounded theory
This study discusses the relationship between education and health based on a qualitative research. First, a review of the literature addressing the links between education and health is presented. Then, the findings from the literature are related to the results of an analysis of 31 interviews with medical experts in Austria. It is demonstrated which resources and abilities are provided by education and how these factors influence the individual health behaviour and health situation. The results suggest that men and women with less material, psychological and social resources are often considered to be found among lower educated individuals and are described as acting and being less healthy. Higher educated men and women show a higher interest in health issues and have a better understanding of their state of health. They seek for more qualitative information than lower educated individuals which helps them interpret and understand health issues in a more efficient way.
Schlagworte:
Priska Flandorfer - Katrin Fliegenschnee
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Persistence and change of the relative difference in educational attainment by ethno-cultural group and gender in Canada
This article presents analytical findings on the persistence and change of the relative difference in educational attainment by ethno-cultural group and gender in Canada. As these trends cannot be observed from a single data source, a modelling technique to integrate longitudinal data lacking ethno-cultural detail with cross-sectional Census data was developed. First- and second-generation immigrants and/or members of most visible minority groups on average reach higher educational levels than their Canadian-born peers not belonging to a visible minority. This study reveals that the relative educational differences between the studied groups are both important in extent and remarkably stable over birth cohorts. The research presented in this paper was conducted in the context of Statistics Canada’s population projection microsimulation model Demosim. Demosim marks an important milestone in establishing microsimulation for official population projections. It reflects the demand for models which can go beyond age and sex, capturing geographical detail, ethnic diversity, educational attainment and other characteristics.
Schlagworte:
Martin Spielauer
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The demography of education in Brazil: inequality of educational opportunities based on Grade Progression Probability (1986-2008)
This article shows evidence regarding the educational attainment and inequality of educational opportunities in Brazil based on the grade progression probability method (GPP) between the years 1981 and 2008. We describe some stylised facts about the educational trajectory in Brazil, then we test two hypothesis suggested by Mare (1979, 1980). The first hypothesis states that the effect of social origins decreases along the educational trajectory. The second states that the educational expansion between two periods would reduce the inequality of educational opportunities in a given grade. Results show an increase in grade probability in nearly all grades, but this trend is most striking in the earlier stages. Educational stratification results show that Mare’s first hypothesis could not be corroborated. The second hypothesis was partly confirmed. We found a decline during the period analysed on the effect of household head’s education on grade progression at the earlier transitions. Furthermore, the selectivity pattern seemed to be transferred to later grade transitions.
Schlagworte:
Eduardo Luiz Gonçalves Rios-Neto - Raquel Rangel de Meireles Guimarães
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The IIASA-VID reconstructions and projections of educational attainment by age and sex for 120 countries, 1970-2000
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis - Institut für Demographie der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
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Ausgabe:
978-3-7001-6967-3, Zeitschriftenausgabe, broschiert, 14.01.2011
Ausgabe:
978-3-7001-7031-0, E-Journal, digital, 14.01.2011
Auflage:
1. Auflage
Seitenzahl:
314 Seiten
Format:
24x17cm
Sprache:
Englisch

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